This eighth lecture completes the Neolithic period in Eurasia with a
discussion of the "dolmen" type burial practice in the Caucasus. Neolithic art
is presented as an incorporation of Upper Paleolithic (realistic) with
Mesolithic (schematic) and the geographic areas of the Ukraine, the Caucasus,
and Central Asia are emphasized. Neolithic rock art with a focus on animal
drawings and sculptings in bone, stone, and clay depicting people of Mongoloid
and Europoid ethnography are highlighted. Professor Alexeev concludes the
discussion of the Neolithic Period with a brief discussion of V. Gordon Childe
and his theory of the "Neolithic Revolution".
The remaining portion of this lecture introduces the Bronze Age in Eurasia.
The Bronze Age begins 1,500 years later than in the Near East while in northern
Siberia, the Neolithic tradition continues during the Bronze and Iron Ages and
lasts until the 16-17 century. The concept of a new age, the Eneolithic, which
exists between the Neolithic and Bronze Age is presented and reflects one of
Alexeev's intellectual tools i.e. the examination of borders or the
restructuring of time frames. Bronze is examined as an alloy of copper with
different additions, each addition reflecting a different migratory group in the
European and Asiatic Steppe region.
The Pit Grave Culture is presented as the group which replaces the Tripolie
Culture in the Ukrainian Steppe in the mid third millennium BC. and the "kurgan"
type burial structure is described. Geographically, kurgans have been found from
Romania to the Steppe areas of the Ukraine. Morphologically, the Pit Grave
people are tall with a broad face and a strong superstructure in the region of
the forehead i.e. Europoid without a Mongoloid mixture.
The Afanasyevo Culture appears several centuries later than the Pit Grave in
a small area in the Upper Yenissei River Valley. Physically the Afanasyevo
resemble the Pit Grave i.e. Europoid without a Mongoloid mixture.
Recently "Soviet" archaeological exploration and study has
been conducted in Mongolia. Results from Mongolia are similar to the results
discovered by Chinese archaeologists excavating in eastern Turkistan and the
Xingjiang Province of China1.
The language for both the Pit Grave and Afanasyevo is Indo-European. Origins
of the Indo-European language is a tricky problem; Russian scholars Viacheslav
Vsevolodovich Ivanov and Tamaz Valerianovich Gamkrelidze think the Indo-European
language formed in Turkey. Colin Renfrew, a Cambridge University scholar, also
argues for Turkey as the homeland of the Indo-European in the eighth millennium
BC and links its spread with the diffusion of agriculture. Professor Alexeev
disagrees with Renfrew because 1) there is no evidence for such an early
language and 2) agriculture was invented in the Near East. Alexeev argues:
"likely the origins of language are polycentric".
Alexeev's Introduction
The transition from the end of the Neolithic to the Bronze Age shows
different dates for different geographical areas. In the Near East, populations
begin to use copper and bronze in the fourth millennium BC. This is also true
for the Nile Valley. But in Central Asia and the southern territories of
Eurasia, the Neolithic lasts until the end of the third millennium BC. The end
of the Neolithic is 1,500 years later in Eurasia than in the Near East. In
northern Siberia the Neolithic tradition continues during the Bronze and Iron
Age and survives until the 16-17 century when the territory is invaded by the
Russians.
The transition to copper and bronze takes place in local
areas of Russia and south Siberia and is a slow process, not a sudden invention.
The use of bronze is not a continuous process in either the Near East or in
Central Asia. In eastern Eurasia the cultures using bronze are located in the
Caucasus and in Central Asia possibly because these areas continue to be
influenced from the Near East. The Bronze Age in the Caucasus and Central Asia
begins at the end of the third millennium2.
Eneolithic Age
The Eneolithic Age is the time period between the Neolithic and the Bronze
Age. Some scholars disregard this intermediate period while others see the
Eneolithic as a special period when traditions of Neolithic development are
present and when bronze tools are being prepared in small numbers. During the
Eneolithic, many objects still are worked in flint.
Bronze is an artificial alloy of copper with some additions such as arsenic
and tin. Different cultures have different additions. Chemical and microscopic
studies of bronze allow talk regarding genetic relationships among cultures
(there are massive migrations of populations across the European and Asiatic
Steppes from west to east during this period).
Pit Grave Culture
The Pit Grave Culture is located in the southern Russian Steppe area
(Ukraine) and replaces the Tripolie Culture in the mid third millennium BC. Its
roots are in the Neolithic and continue to the beginning of the second
millennium BC. We have no knowledge of housing or settlement patterns, only
graves have been found. These graves reveal a new tradition of burial, the
burial mound.
These mounds or kurgans (a Turkic word) are made of stone in mountainous
areas and made of soil in flat areas. Today kurgans are found both singly and in
groups. The height of kurgans vary. In southern Russia and southern Siberia,
these kurgans are never more than 10 meters high, usually averaging 2-4 meters.
A circle of kurgans may be as great as one hectare. In the middle of a kurgan
are usually one or two burials but the number can be as great as fifteen to
twenty. Different objects and tools are found in the graves. Bronze is known but
is very rare. Scholars think this is the beginning of bronze usage. Also present
in kurgans are bones of domestic pig and horse (no sheep). Some scholars think
the Pit Grave Culture did not know agriculture. There is also the absence of
permanent sites; scholars are not sure about settlements, the size and types of
houses etc.
Geographically kurgans have been found from Romania to the Steppe areas of
southern Russia to the Volga with some findings in Kirghizistan. Now more than
2,000 kurgans have been excavated many of which contain only pottery. Pit Grave
pottery has a rounded bottom, an indication that their settlement isn't
permanent (likely the pots were suspended on a frame over the fire). The
ceramics are not painted and are of poor decoration. A series of dots either
cover the full surface or are found only alone the rim.
The population of the Pit Grave Culture is large and demonstrates a strong
economy and strong relationships with surrounding cultures. The Pit Grave
Culture has influenced other cultures in the Caucasus and eastern Turkey. In the
west, the Pit Grave Culture has influenced peoples in Bulgaria, central Europe,
and Romania. The Pit Grave are a people without Mongoloid
mixture. Physically they are more similar to Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic
than to Neolithic i.e. they are tall with a broad face and a strong
superstructure in the region of the forehead. Some scholars think the Pit Grave
are descendants of Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic peoples whereas the
Neolithic peoples are invaders from the south.
Afanasyevo Culture
The Afanasyevo Culture appears two to three centuries later than the Pit
Grave i.e. mid to late third millennium BC. They are related to the Pit Grave
and are located in a small area in the Upper Yenissei River Valley. Scholars
know nothing about their housing or economy because only kurgans have been found
(this is similar to Pit Grave). Actually not many kurgans have been discovered
so the bronze objects are few; only twenty bronze objects in total have been
found. Also only a small number of bones of domesticated animals, of sheep, pig,
and horse, have been uncovered. There has been no trace of seeds; likely the
Afanasyevo had no agriculture and were nomadic like the Pit Grave Culture.
Physical traits of the Afanasyevo are similar to the Pit Grave i.e. a people
without a Mongoloid mixture and more similar to Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic
than to Neolithic in that they are tall with a broad face and a strong
superstructure in the region of the forehead.
Migrations
During the past thirteen years, the area of study in
Eurasia has been extended south. Some kurgans have been found on the border with
Mongolia and some in southwestern Mongolia. Chinese archaeologists excavating in
east Turkistan and Xingjiang Province3have
found that these kurgans contain the same type of animal bone and physical
traits found in the Soviet Union. In the original area, different kurgans have
been found in one cemetery; in Mongolia there are only single kurgans.
At the second part of the third millennium BC to the first century of the
second millennium BC, European populations were distributed throughout the
Steppe zone to central Mongolia; a great migration. Siberia was inhabited by
Mongoloids in the Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic. European
populations began to appear in Siberia in the early Bronze Age. The only real
explanation for such a massive migration is the strong economic development of
the Pit Grave people with many animals, a good supply of food, and large
populations.
Populations for the Pit Grave people are not known. Preliminary figures
indicate 6-8,000 population for the Black Sea area based on the presence of
2,000 kurgans. This culture lasts for 1500 years with three generations for each
100 years, therefore there are 45 generations with about 200 kurgans per
generation. These figures seem small.
Language
The language for both the Pit Grave and Afanasyevo Cultures
is Indo-European. This Indo-European Language family is common for Russia, Iran,
South Asia4, and
India (except for southern India); it occupies a hugh area. In both linguistic
and archaeological literature there has been a problem with the homeland of the
Indo-European Language. The most common hypothesis is that Indo-European formed
in the area of the eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea, some in the Balkans,
some in Turkey, and some in the Russian Steppes.
Russian scholars Viacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov and Tamaz
Valerianovich Gamkrelidze5hypothesize
that the Indo-European language formed in Turkey. Their hypothesis is supported
by Colin Renfrew6. Most
specialists think Indo-European formed in the steppe and mountain zone of the
Balkan Peninsula and in southern Russia. Some think there was a great movement
from west to east of a people all of whom spoke one language.
There is documentation from eastern Turkistan dating to the first millennium
BC written in the Tokharian language, a derivative of Indo-European (also known
as the Yueh Chih language). In Central Asia, possibly western Mongolia, there is
an area inhabited by one large group, the Tokharians.
Colin Renfrew argues that Indo-European originated in Turkey in the eighth
millennium BC with the invention of agriculture. Alexeev disagrees. There is no
evidence for such an early language and likely agriculture was invented in the
Near East. Most scholars think Indo-European was formed in the transition from
the Neolithic to the Bronze era.
[Lecture 9 delivered 22 July 1991]
Overview by Geraldine Reinhardt
In studying the Bronze Age, the mass migrations which took place in Eurasia
are of utmost importance. In this the ninth lecture, Professor Alexeev presents
a recent ethnic map of the three great language families and examines the
geographical areas of Central Asia, Siberia, and the Caucasus in terms of their
ethnic composition.
According to Alexeev, the three great language families include
Indo-European, Finno-Ugric, and Turkic. Indo-European profiles with seven
sub-families: Slavic, Baltic, Germanic, Latin/Roman, Armenian, Greek, and
Indo-Iranian and covers the largest portion of Eurasia from the Iberian
Peninsula across the northern Mediterranean to European Russia [Alexeev does not
include the Indo European families of Celtic (western Europe) and Illyric
(Albanian) because he only was referencing the former Soviet Union]. Finno-Ugric
covers a territory from Scandinavia to Siberia to a far off place in Hungary.
Alexeev includes the Nenet = Nenetic here as a subgroup of Finno-Ugric but in
the following lecture mentions that he made a gross error [Nenetic (Samodic) and
Finno-Ugric are subfamilies of the Uralic family; Finno-Ugric further divides
into Finnic and Ugric branches]. Turkic is a complicated language and is found
in pockets in the Caucasus, the Volga Valley, Central Asia including Xingjiang,
southern and central Siberia, and in Turkey.
To Alexeev's information I have added ethnographic data from HOLLIS (and in a
few instances from "Britannica"). To both the Alexeev and HOLLIS language
families and people, Arutiunov has made detailed commentary which I in turn have
incorporated into the text.
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Slavic
Alexeev comments that ethnic interpretations and the ethnic phase of the
Bronze Age are of great importance. In Eastern Europe in the sixteenth century,
Slavic populations are distributed from Eastern Europe to Siberia and Slavic is
the main population of Russia. Slavic populations are also in Ukraine, Belarus
(White Russia), Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the northern Balkans
(Yugoslavia).
The Russian language is spoken on the eastern plain, Ukrainian is spoken in
southwest European Russia, and White Russian is spoken in Belarus. In Poland
there is only one language, Polish, while in Czechoslovakia there are two, Czech
and Slovak. The Slavic language is a sub-family of Indo-European.
- Slavic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
- Russian
- Ukrainian
- White Russian or Belarusian
- Polish
- Czech
- Slovak
HOLLIS divides Slavic languages into three divisions: southern, eastern, and
western. For the southern Slavic group HOLLIS includes Bulgarian, Macedonian,
Serbo-Croatian, and Slovenian. For the eastern Slavic group: Belarusian,
Russian, and Ukrainian. For the western Slavic group: Czech, Kashubian,
Lechitic, Polabian, Slovak, and Sorbian. For the sub-heading Lechitic, HOLLIS
lists Kashubian, Polabian, and Polish languages, and the Slovincian dialect.
For the Polish language HOLLIS has 1,884 entries; for the extinct Solvincian
dialect HOLLIS has 2 entries. Thus, it seems appropriate that the Polish
language, along with the other major Slavic sub families, be listed as major
headings.
According to Arutiunov, ancient Bulgarian until the time of
Jenghiz-Khan (13 century) was spoken in the Volga-Bulgarian area and partly in
the northern Caucasus. It was a Turkic language. Bulgarian was also spoken by
the founding royal dynasty of modern Bulgaria and their clan, but was soon
assimilated by the local Slavic population. Until the XIIIth century there were
two Bulgarias; one on the Volga and the other on the Danube. Thus, as per
Arutiunov, the Bulgarian language was Turkic; the Turkic language was then
assimilated by the Slavic populations and thus became
Indo-European.
Additional information on Slavs: in an area extending along the Baltic coast
west of Rugen Island to the Vistula River are the sea coast provinces of
Pomerania (as per Arutiunov, Obodrite-Polabian was the extinct language of
Pomerania). Czechs are native peoples of Bohemia, Moravia, and/or Silesia
(Silesia is an ancient region in central Europe partly in Prussia and partly in
Poland). Polabians are Slavic people dwelling in the basin of the Elbe and on
the Baltic coast of Germany; Slovaks are people living in eastern
Czechoslovakia, and, as per Arutiunov, the Sorbians are a Slavic people
occupying eastern Germany, near Dresden, who maintain a costume and speak two
dialects: Upper Lausitz and Lower Lausitz. Kashubian, Polabian, and Slovincian
are Polish languages.
- Slavic Language - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold
Face by Arutiunov.
- Southern Slavic
- Bulgarian - there are 2 Bulgarias
- Macedonian
- Serbo-Croatian
- Slovenian - language of Slovenia
- Eastern Slavic
- Belarusian
- Russian
- Ukrainian
- Western Slavic
- Czech
- Kashubian - Polish
- Lechitic - an artificial name; a Polish dialect
- Kashubian - dialect of Polish along with Mazurian
- Polabian - extinct
- Polish languages
- Slovincian dialect -minor Polish dialect
- Polabian - extinct Polish language
- Slovak
- Sorbian - in eastern Germany
- Slavs - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold Face by
Arutiunov
- Southern Slavs
- Bulgarians
- Macedonians
- Yugoslavs Ukrainians(Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, Bosnians,
Slovenes)Ukrainians
- Eastern Slavs
- Belarusians
- Drygavichy Slavic People - ancestors of Belarussian
- Krivichi Slavic People - ancestors of northern
Russian
- Russians
- Ukrainians
- Western Slavs
- Obodrites - practically the same as Polabian Slavs
- Polabian Slavs
- Veletians - probably the same as Venedi
- Venedi
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - SLAVIC: RESOLUTION
To resolve the Slavic subfamily of Indo European language, I join the Alexeev
listing and modifications by Arutiunov with the HOLLIS listings which also
include modifications by Arutiunov. HOLLIS treats all languages, both extinct
and contemporary as well as numerous dialects, as of equal stature. Alexeev, on
the other hand, separates archaic and contemporary languages and does not
include minor dialects. I think that when one deals with diachronic and
synchronic relationships, a separate treatment of archaic and contemporary
languages and the deletion of minor dialects best enables the student to
comprehend the complex picture. Arutiunov also advises to separate the language
from the people.
Thus in the following several chapters, I have attempted to resolve the major
world language families by combining information from Alexeev, HOLLIS, and
Arutiunov. I have listed languages and ethnic groups separately and have removed
extinct languages as well as minor dialects from the two listings. However, I
must state boldly that to establish a definitive structure for language or
ethnic groups is a futile task simply because both groups are fluid and are in a
constant state of flux.
- Slavic Languages
- Eastern Slavic
- Belarusian
- Russian
- Ukrainian
- Western Slavic
- Czech
- Slovak
- Polish
- Sorbian (Wend)
- Southern Slavic
- Bulgarian
- Macedonian
- Serbo-Croatian7
- Slovenian
[Obodrites, Polabian Slavs, Veletians, and Venedi are all extinct.
So too are the Drygavichy Slavic People and Krivichi Slavic People]
- Slavic People (resolved as of spring, 1996)
- Eastern Slavs
- Belarusians
- Russians
- Ukrainians
- Western Slavs
- Czechs
- Slovaks
- Poles
- Sorbians (Wends)8
- Southern Slavs
- Bulgarians
- Macedonians
- Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, and Bosnians
- Slovenes
- And all the Slavic people who have dispersed throughout Europe, Central
Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central America, South
America etc.
[Yugoslavia is no longer a centralized country; the Yugoslavians
have assumed their former ethnic identity]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Baltic
Alexeev states that in eastern Europe there are other sub-families in
addition to Slavic. In the area of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Finland is the
Baltic sub-family consisting of three languages: 1) Latvian; 2) Lithuanian; and
3) East Prussian. East Prussian becomes extinct at the end of the seventeenth
century.
- Baltic (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
- Latvian
- Lithuanian
- East Prussian - extinct
- Baltic Languages - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold
Face by Arutiunov
- Latvian
- Lithuanian
- Prussian - extinct
- Balto Slavic linguistic unity - this is ancestor to all Baltic
languages on one Hand and to all Slavic on the other.
- Balts Indo European People - as per HOLLIS with comments in Bold
Face by Arutiunov
- Jacwiez - Jatwiagi is a subdivision of Lithuanians
- Latvians
- Lithuanians
- Prussians Baltic People9
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - BALTIC: RESOLUTION
The Baltic sub family in eastern Europe is easily resolved with Alexeev,
Arutiunov, and HOLLIS concurring.
- Baltic Languages
- Latvian
- Lithuanian
[Prussian is extinct]
- Balts Indo European People
- Latvians
- Lithuanians
- And all the Baltic people who have dispersed throughout Europe, Central
Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central America, South
America etc.
[The Prussian people have assimilated since Prussia is no longer a
country]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Germanic
According to Alexeev, the German language is a sub-family of Indo-European.
Until the late seventeenth century there were no German populations in Russia.
However, Alexeev did not detail the Germanic language family.
- Germanic Language (sub-family) - as per HOLLIS with Bold
Face by Arutiunov
- Afrikaans
- Danish
- Dutch
- English
- Old English - extinct
- Frisian10
- German
- Gothic - extinct
- Low German
- Norwegian
- Scandinavian (ancestor to Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and
Icelandic)
- Scots
- Swedish
- Icelandic
- Germanic Peoples - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Alemanni Germanic People - extinct
- Bajuwarii Germanic People - extinct
- Bastarnae Germanic People - extinct
- Batavi Germanic People - extinct
- Chauci Germanic People - extinct
- Cimbri Germanic People - extinct
- Franks - extinct
- Gepidae Germanic People - extinct
- Goths - extinct
- Jutes - extinct
- Lombards - extinct
- Lygii Germanic People - extinct
- Quadi Germanic People - extinct
- Saxons - extinct
- Suevi Germanic People - extinct
- Ubii Germanic People - extinct
- Vandals - extinct
This section on the Germanic sub family of the Indo European is most
interesting. Alexeev did not detail the Germanic language family. HOLLIS lists
the Germanic people, but they are all extinct. Arutiunov claims the Germanic
people as known by Tacitus or Julius Caesar i.e. Allemani, Burgundi, Sicambri
etc. have been extinct for some time having been transformed into the French or
modern Germans. But, as per Arutiunov, there are Germanic peoples of today like
the Germans, Dutch, Swedes, Afrikaaners, etc. as well as those Jews who still
speak Yiddish who must be considered as Germanic since the criteria for being
labelled Germanic is only a linguistic alignment. The English and Americans are
also Germanic people since English is one of the Germanic languages. Thus,
according to Arutiunov, we must differentiate between modern Germanic people,
Germanic people of the medieval era, and the Germanic people of the Roman
authors [note: the Germanic people of the medieval era and of ancient Rome will
both be treated as extinct].
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GERMANIC: RESOLUTION
- Germanic Languages
- Afrikaans
- American
- Danish
- Dutch
- English
- Frisian
- German
- Icelandic
- Norwegian
- Scots
- Swedish
[Extinct German languages include: Old English, Gothic, Low
German]
- Germanic People of today
- Afrikaaners
- Americans
- Danes
- Dutch
- English
- Frisians
- Germans
- Icelanders
- Norwegian
- Scots
- Swedes
- And all the German people who have dispersed throughout Europe, Central
Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central America, South
America etc.
[Ancient Germanic people now extinct include the Alemanni,
Bajuwarii, Bastarnae, Batavi, Chauci, Cimbri, Franks, Gepidae, Goths, Jutes,
Lombards, Lygii, Quadi, Saxons, Suevi, Ubii, Vandals, Burgundi, and
Sicambri]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Latin/Roman
The northern and eastern coasts of the Mediterranean are encircled by the
romantic languages i.e. Romania. These include Spanish, Portuguese, Galician,
Catalan, French, Italian, Romanian (with dialect of Moldavian), and local
Rumanche dialects in Switzerland.
- Latin/Roman (sub-family) - as per Alexeev with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Spanish (plus Catalan, Galician, and Portuguese)
- French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
- Italian
- Romanian (with Moldavian dialect)
- local dialects in Switzerland (Reto-Romanian or
Rumanche)
- Moldavian (a dialect of Romanian)
- Romance Languages (sub-family) - modified from HOLLIS with additions in
Bold Face by Arutiunov.
- Spanish Language (including Catalan and Ladino Languages)
- French Language (including Languedoc and Provencal)
- Italic Language (including Faliscan language, Latin
language[extinct], and Venetic language [likely
extinct])
- Romanian Language (including Moldavian dialect)
- Dacian Language (extinct; it was Illyric, not Romance)
- Latin/Roman people - modified from HOLLIS
- Spanish
- Portuguese
- Italian
- French
- Swiss
- Romanian
- Moldavian
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - LATIN/ROMAN: RESOLUTION
- Latin/Roman (Romance) Languages
- Catalan
- French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
- Galician11
- Italian
- Portuguese
- Rumanche (or Reto-Romanian in Switzerland)
- Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)
- Spanish
[Extinct Romance Languages include Latin, Faliscan, Oscan,
???Venetic]
- Latin/Roman People
- Catalan
- French (with Languedoc and Provencal)
- Galician
- Italian
- Portuguese
- Rumanche
- Romanian (and Moldovian dialect)
- Spanish
- And all the Latin/Roman people who have dispersed throughout Europe,
Central Asia, Africa, Australia, Russia, North America, Central America,
South America etc.
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Armenian
Before World War I, Armenia had occupied a great area in eastern Turkey. Then
one million Armenians were killed by the Turks. Armenian is a complicated
language in origin and is thought of as a special language with correlations to
some extinct Near East language. Armenian vocabulary differs from the vocabulary
of other Indo-European languages. Linguistic research in the last 30-40 years
places Armenian12in
the Indo-European group but in a special case as an isolated language forming a
specific sub-group. HOLLIS also lists Armenian as an Indo-European language and
the Armenians as an Indo-European people. Of interest is the dispersal of
Armenian people: from the Arab countries to Uruguay including Argentina, Central
Asia, Australia, Azerbaidjan, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria ... Turkey, Uruguay etc.
a true diaspora. HOLLIS has a separate category for the "Armenian Question"
relating it to the Armenian massacres of 1894, 1896, 1909, 1915, and 1923 and
highlights recent human rights violations in Nagorno-Karabakh, Azerbaijan (see
below, the Caucasus). HOLLIS relates the Armenian language to the Khayasa
language. Arutiunov confirms that Khayasa was a small ancient kingdom located at
the confluence of the Euphrates and Murat Rivers.
- Armenian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
- Armenian
- Armenian Language - as per HOLLIS
- Armenian
- Armenian People - as per HOLLIS
- [dispersed throughout the world]
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - ARMENIAN: RESOLUTION
- Armenian Isolated Language
- Armenian
- Armenian People
- [modern Armenian people are dispersed throughout the world]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Greek
According to Alexeev, some linguists see Greek13in
relationship to the Romance Language sub-family but this is not a realistic
interpretation. HOLLIS lists four dialects for Greek: Aeolic Greek, Attic Greek,
Doric Greek, and Ionic Greek. As per Arutiunov: "Greek is of course not Romance.
And the Mediterranean Race extends from Spain to Greece".
- Greek (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
- Greek
- Greek Language family - as per HOLLIS
- [dialects of Aeolic, Attic, Doric, and Ionic]
- Greek People - as per HOLLIS
- [HOLLIS lists Greek as belonging to the Mediterranean Race along with
Latin; this is not correct]
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - GREEK: RESOLUTION
- Greek Language family
- Greek
- Greek People
- [modern Greek people are dispersed throughout the world]
Ethnic Interpretations: Indo-European - Indo-Iranian (Iranian, Indo Aryan,
and Nuristani)
The Indo-Iranian sub family of Indo-European is divided into three main
branches: Iranian, Indo-Aryan, and Nuristani14. As per
Alexeev, the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the Indo-European
language consists of Osset (Ossetic), Tadjik, Pamir, and Kurd (Kurdic). Ossetic
is spoken in southern Russia and in the Caucasus. Tadjik which is nearly similar
to Farsi in Iran is spoken in Tadjikistan. The Parmir language is spoken in the
Parmir Mountains area and Kurdish is spoken in northern Iraq, Afghanistan, south
Caucasus, Turkmenistan, eastern Turkey, and somewhat in Iran and Syria.
- Iranian (sub-family) - as per Alexeev
- Osset
- Tadjik
- Pamir
- Kurd
HOLLIS lists 14 additional sub-families for the Iranian
language: Avestan, Baluchi, Dari, Ephthalite, Gilaki, Hazara, Old Persian,
Persian, Pushto (Pashto), Talysh, Tat, Wakhi, Yaghnobi, and Yueh Chih.
[Arutiunov states that Yueh Chi and Ephthalite are probably the same and might
be Tokharic but are not Iranian15 ]
HOLLIS, as listed above, includes Yueh Chi and Ephthalite as members of the
Iranian language family. As per Arutiunov, Dari, Modern Persian, and Tadjik are
three slightly different standards of one language, Farsi.
Iranian languages in more detail: Avestan is one of the two ancient languages
comprising Old Iranian and that in which the sacred books of the Zoroastrian
religion were written and as an ancient language is extinct; Baluchi is spoken
by an Indo-Iranian people of the Irano-Afghan type in Baluchistan; and Dari is
the literary language still used in Afghanistan. The Ephthalites were a member
of the western branch of the Yueh Chih Tokharians who ruled Western Turkistan
and northwestern India in the fifth and sixth centuries AD (also called the
White Huns) and spoke a Tokharian language; Gilaki was spoken by a forest people
of northern Persia inhabiting the southwestern shore of the Caspian Sea; Hazara
is the language spoken by the Hazaras, a Mongoloid people of Afghanistan; and
Old Persian is the other language composing Old Iranian and known from cuneiform
inscriptions from the sixth and fifth century BC but is now extinct.
Persian is one of the ancient Iranian people who under Cyrus became the
dominant people in Asia; today the people of Iran (Persia) speak Farsi. Parthian
is an ancient language spoken by inhabitants of Parthia, an ancient country
located southeast of the Caspian Sea. Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto) is the Iranian
language of the Pathan people (Pathans, a Hindi word, refers to an Iranian
people living in Afghanistan and in colonies scattered throughout Pakistan and
India) and the chief vernacular language of eastern Afghanistan, northern
Baluchistan, and the northwestern frontier province of Pakistan. The Tajiks are
dispersed among populations of Afghanistan and Turkistan and speak Tajiki, a
veriety of modern Persian. Talysh are a people of the region around Lenkoran,
Azerbaijan who speak a dialect related to Talishi. The Tat are an agricultural
people living in scattered groups throughout Transcaucasia and possibly allied
to the Tajiks; they speak a Tat language. The Wakhi are an Indo-European people
living on the northern slope of the Hindu Kush who speak Wakhi and Wama. The
Yueh Chih (Tokharian) were people of advanced culture dwelling in Central Asia
during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by the Uighurs [the Uighurs were a
Turkic people from Mongolia who spoke a Turkic language]. The Yueh Chih spoke a
Tokharian language, a branch of the Indo European language.
- Iranian Language - modified from HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Avestan (extinct)
- Baluchi
- Dari (variety of modern Persian)
- Ephthalite (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; they likely
are the same as the Yueh Chih and were replaced by the Uighurs)
- Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, and Tajik)
- Gilaki (???extinct)
- Hazara
- Kurdish
- Old Persian (extinct)
- Ossetic
- Pamir
- Parthian (extinct)
- Persian (the standard of Iran is called Farsi)
- Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto; spoken by the Pathan people)
- Tajik (variety of Modern Persian)
- Talishi
- Tat
- Wakhi (Wama and other Kafir languages of Nuristan)
- Yaghnobi (relic of ancient Sogdian)16
- Yueh Chih (might be Tokharic, not Iranian; the Yueh
Chih were replaced by Uighurs)
HOLLIS lists the following Iranian People : Alani, Indo Iranians (Indo Aryans
Iranians), Indo Scythians (Saka Yueh Chih), Kurds, Ossetes,
Parthians, Pushtuns, Saka, Sarmatians, Scythians, Tajiks.
Iranian people in more detail: the Alani (see lecture 14) are an Iranian
people who migrated from Central Asia to the northern Caucasus. The Ossetes who
today still live in the central Caucasus are related to the Alani (Alans).
The Indo Iranians consist of the Indo Aryans whom HOLLIS relates to the Parya
Indic People and the Iranians. The Indo Scythians are related to the Saka, a
nomadic people of the steppelands north of the Iranian plateau, and to the Yueh
Chih (also known as Tocharian) a people in Central Asia (Xingjang) during the
?first millennium AD until overrun by Uighurs. [According to Arutiunov: "the
Indo Scythians are Saka who migrated to India; Saka are the eastern Scythians.
Western Scythians were succeeded by Sarmatians, later Alans, and finally
Ossetes; they are all descendants of each other"] The Kurds are a pastoral and
agricultural people inhabiting a large mountainous plateau region in adjoining
parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria as well as in Armenia and Azerbaijan. [As
per Arutiunov: "In religion in Armenia, the Kurds are Zoroastrian; in Azerbaijan
they are Muslim. The Ossetes likely immigrated from the Eurasian Steppes to the
central Caucasus and are descendants of the Alani (Alans)"]
Parthia is an ancient country to the south east of the Caspian Sea. Parthians
are inhabitants of the ancient country of Parthia and many historical references
describe the Parthians as warriors on horseback armed with bow and arrow.
Pushtun (Pushtu/Pashto) is the Iranian language of the Pathan people, an Iranian
people living in Afghanistan and in colonies scattered throughout Pakistan and
India; it is the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, northwest frontier
province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan. The Saka, as listed above, are
nomadic people of the steppelands north of the Iranian plateau. Sarmatia is an
ancient region north of the Black Sea; the language of the Sarmatians was likely
Iranian; the Sarmatians were succeeded by the Alans. The term Sarmatia has on
occassion been used to reference "Russia". Scythia is an ancient country lying
partly north and northeast of the Black Sea and partly east of the Aral Sea. The
origins and dispersal of the Scythians have occupied historians from Herodotus
to contemporary scholars (see lecture 14). The Tajiks are Iranian people
speaking an Iranian language who are dispersed among the populations of
Afghanistan and Turkistan including Tajikistan.
- Iranian People - modified from HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Alani - are descendants of Sarmatian (and were replaced
by the Ossetes; thus Alani are extinct)
- Indo Iranians
- Indo Aryans17
- (Parya Indic People18)
- a small group; they are the only Indo-Aryan people in the
former USSR
- Iranians
- Indo Scythians
- Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)
- Yueh Chih (not Iranian; extinct)
- Kurds
- Ossetes (successors of Alans, deriving from Sarmates)
- Parthians (extinct)
- Pushtuns (language of the Pathans)
- Saka (eastern Scythians; extinct)
- Sarmatians (partly successors to Scythians; extinct)
- Scythians (extinct)
- Tajiks
- Pathans (who speak Pushtun)
Alexeev did not detail the Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian language.
The Indo Aryan branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of Indo European language,
as per HOLLIS, includes Dardic, Palic, Prakrit, Sanskrit, and Vedic.
The Dardic people or Dards were a stocky, broad shouldered moderately fair
people living in the upper valley of the Indus and spoke Dardic. The complex of
languages spoken by the Dards included Shina, Khowar, Kafiri, Kashmiri, and
Kohistani. Palic is an Indic language found in the Buddhist canon and used as
the liturgical and scholarly language of Hinayana Buddhism. Prakrit is a catch
all category including any or all of the ancient Indic languages or dialects
other than Sanskrit. Sanskrit, meaning cultivated or refined, is the ancient
classical language of India and of Hinduism. Vedic is the language that the
Vedas, the most ancient and sacred writing of the Hindus, is written.
According to Arutiunov, Sanskrit and Vedic are very closed; only Sanskrit is
the written standard, Vedic is not. Vedic is older than Sanskrit. Palic is one
of the Prakrits (in medieval India there were several Prakrits). Kashmiri is one
of the Dardic group.
- Indo Aryan Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Dardic [also listed under Nuiristani]
- Kashmiri19
- Phalura20
- Torwali21
- Wotapuri Katarqalai
- Palic (is one of the Prakrits)22
- Prakrit
- Apabhramsa
- Avahattha
- Sauraseni
- Sanskrit (the written standard)
- Manipravalam language Malayalam
- Vedic
- Indo Aryan Languages - other sources including standard dictionary and
Parpola23
- Indo Aryan Languages - other sources including standard dictionary and
Parpola
- Shina
- Khowar
- Kafiri
- Kashmiri
- Kohistani
- Dardic (from Parpola)24;
however we do not know if extinct languages and/or dialects are
included.
- Kalasa
- Khowar
- Dameli
- Gawar-bati
- Sumasti
- Pasai
- Baskarik
- Torwali
- Maiya
- Wotapuri
- Tirahi
- Sina (or Shina)
- Phalura
- Dumaki
- Kashmiri
- Indo Aryan People25 - as
per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in Bold Face
- Parya Indic people26 -
wrong!
- Indo Aryan People - as per standard dictionary
- Dards
The Nuristani branch of the Indo Iranian subfamily of the
Indo European language family was not detailed by Alexeev. HOLLIS lists
Nuristani as a subgroup of Indo Iranian along with Indo Aryan and Iranian. As
per Arutiunov, Nuristan (land of light) was formerly Kafiristan and was renamed
after being forcefully converted to Islam around the 1890's. As per HOLLIS,
Nuristan encompasses Afghanistan and the Chitral district of Pakistan
(Kafiristan region of Pakistan)27. HOLLIS
equates Nuristani with Dardic28, with
Bashgali29, and
with the Kafiri languages30(Bashgali,
Dardic, and Nuristani are languages of Afghanistan). A Kafir31is
defined as a member of a group of southern African Bantu speaking people; a
south African of negroid ancestory. The term, however, usually is used
disparingly. A "caffer" is defined as one who is not a Muslim, again used
disparingly. There also appears to be a relationship between the Bashgali and
Kafir languages32and
the Kafir and Xhosa languages33. HOLLIS
relates the Kafir language to the Bantu Afrikaans language34;
however, Arutiunov says this is nonsense:
"Nuristani used to be called Kafirs, i.e. 'infidels'. Bantu were called the
same by Arabs, hence 'caffres'. Bashgali has nothing in common with Bantu. There
are descendants of Black African slaves in India but they have not preserved
their language". [and when I ran the listings for Bantu in HOLLIS, neither
Bashgali nor Kafir appeared]
As per Arutiunov, Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all
Nuristani (Kafiristani) languages. However, HOLLIS relates the Wakhi to the
Ghalchah languages (Wakhi and Sarikoli)35, HOLLIS
relates the Ghalchah languages to the Pamir languages, and for the Pamir
languages, HOLLIS includes: Munji language and Yazghulami language and 7
dialects. For Wama, HOLLIS relates the Akurio Indians of Surinam (South
America)36and
the Wamakua African people (Makua African people)37. Thus,
that Wakhi and Wama are Nuristani languages cannot be substantiated by
HOLLIS.
- Nuristani Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Dardic [also listed as Indo Aryan]
- Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages of Afghanistan, of
the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir region of Pakistan)
- Bashgali - Bashgali, Wakhi, and Wama are all among the Nuristani
(Kafiristani)languages.
- Kafir or Nuristani Languages - as per Parpola
- Kati
- Tregami
- Waigali
- Prasun
- Askun
HOLLIS has no listing for the Nuristani people. However, Nuristani is spoken
in Afghanistan along with Bashgali, Brahui, Dardic, Dari, Munji, Turkmen,
Uighur, Wotapuri Katarquali, and Yazghulami. HOLLIS does have a listing for the
Kafiristani people and includes: Kafirs African people (Xhosa, Zulu), Kafirs
Afghanistan people, Kafirs of the Hindu Kush, and the Kafir region of
Pakistan.
Nuristani People (Kafiristani) - as per HOLLIS [includes people of
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and the Xhosa, Bantu, and Zulu of Africa] (Arutiunov
claims this is wrong)
INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - INDO-IRANIAN: RESOLUTION
[To assume that languages and people can be fully resolved is a precept of
structuralism. Languages disappear when people become assimilated into different
cultures. Ethnic identity when void of religious identity changes to embrace the
new geography.
However, when religious identity becomes of paramount concern, then the
ethnic identity takes on a religious identity and fuses into one. As well, many
people speak more than one language and many embrace a new language and forget
the original]
- Indo-Iranian Languages
- Iranian Languages (RESOLVED
- Baluchi
- Farsi (includes modern Persian, Dari, Tajik)
- Hazara
- Kurdish
- Ossetic
- Pamir
- Pashto (Pushtu or Pushto)
- Talishi
- Tat
[Extinct languages: Avestan, Gilaki, Old Persian, Parthian,
Yueh Chih (Ephthalite)]
- Indo Aryan Languages (UNRESOLVED)
- Dardic (including Kashmiri, Phalura, Torwali, Wotapuri Katarqalai,
Shina, Khowar, Kafiri, Kohistani, Kalasa, Dameli, Gawar-bati, Sumasti,
Pasai, Baskarik, Maiya, Tirahi, Dumaki)
- Palic ??? is a Prakrit
- Prakrit
- Sanskrit
- Vedic
- Nuristani [Kafiristani] Languages (UNRESOLVED)
- Bashgali ???
- Kafiri (Xhosa, Bantu, Zulu of Africa; the languages of Afghanistan, of
the Hindu Kush of Afghanistan, and of the Kafir region of Pakistan)
- Wakhi ???
- Wama ???
- Kati ???
- Tregami ???
- Prasun ???
- Askun ???
- Indo Iranian People
- Iranian People (UNRESOLVED)
- Baluchi
- Hazaras
- Kurds
- Ossetes
- Pamirs
- Pathans
- Tajiks
- Talysh
- Tat
- Indo Aryan People (UNRESOLVED)
- Parya Indic
- Other ???
- Nuristani People (IN CONFUSION) [includes people of Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and the Xhosa, Bantu, and Zulu of Africa]
Indo European Languages and People in Eurasia
Since Alexeev only detailed Indo European language families in the former
Soviet Union, I have turned to the HOLLIS listings and "Britannica" for the
languages and people of Eurasia. Commentary by Arutiunov is in Bold
Face. HOLLIS lists the following Indo European Languages: Albanian,
Anatolian, Armenian, Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Illyrian, Indo Iranian,
Italic, Macedonian, Phrygian, Proto Indo European, Slavic, Thracian, Tokharian,
and Venetic.
The Albanian language is spoken by the Albanians and is a branch of
the Indo European that contains only Albanian. However, Arutiunov does
not agree claiming that Albanian is the last remnant of
Illyric.
HOLLIS lists the following Anatolian languages: Caria, Hittite,
Hurrian, Luwian, Lycian, Lydian, Palaic, Phrygian, and Urartian. Arutiunov's
comments are in Bold Face. Further information: Caria, a word
derived from Latin and Greek, is an ancient division of Asia Minor and populated
by the Carian people. Several recent publications reference Carian inscriptions
in Sakkara, Egypt and Buhen, Sudan. Hittite is a word from the Hebrew. The
language of the Hittites is Indo European or Indo Hittite and is known from
cuneiform texts from Bogazkoy in central Asia Minor. These texts are both
pictographic and phonetic. Recent research has related Hittite inscriptions with
the Luwian language and with the Yazilikaya site in Turkey. HOLLIS relates the
Luwian and Palaic languages to Hittite.
Continuing with the Anatolian languages ... Hurrians are an ancient non
Semitic people of northern Mesopotamia, Syria, and eastern Asia Minor circa
?1500 BC and possibly identical with the Horites (the Horites are an ancient
people of the biblical period prior to Abraham that inhabited the Dead Sea
region of the eastern Mediterranean). Recent research relates the Hurrian and
Akkadian languages (according to Arutiunov this is wrong. The Hurria and
Akkadian are not related) and relates both to the ancient city of Nuzi
in Iraq. Luwian (Luian) is the Anatolian language of the Luwi who live in Luya.
This language is known from quotations in Hittite documents and from ancient
scripts from Crete and Cyprus. Recent research connects the Luwian language to
Hittite hieroglyphs, and relate Luwian inscriptions from the Yazilikaya site in
Turkey and to the Hittite religion .
Lycia, a word derived from the Greek, is an ancient district in southern Asia
Minor. Lycian is an Anatolian language known from a small body of inscriptions
from southwestern Asia Minor dating to the ?fifth-fourth centuries AD. Recent
researches show Greek inscriptions in Lycia, Greek inscriptions in Turkey, and
Lycian inscriptions in Turkey.
Lydia is an ancient country in western Asia minor and Lydian, a word derived
from the Greek, is an Anatolian language known from a small body of inscriptions
dating from the ?fourth century BC or earlier. Lydian inscriptions are related
to the goddess Cybele and to idols and images of Turkey.
Palaic is an Anatolian language known from quotations in Hittite documents.
Hollis relates the Palaic language with both the Luwian and Hittite languages.
Phrygia is an ancient country in west central Asia Minor and the language of the
Phrygians is assumed to be Indo European. The Urartian language known from
cuneiform inscriptions and is related to Hurrian According to Arutiunov,
this is true but they both are related to Dagestanic, not
Anatolian).
- Anatolian Languages as per HOLLIS with comments by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Carian
- Hittite
- Hurrian (certainly non Indo European)
- Luwian
- Lycian
- Lydian
- Palaic
- Phrygian (this language is little known and might be either
Armenian or Illyric; is not Anatolian)
- Urartian (non Indo European; is related to Dagestanic, not
Anatolian)
The Armenian and Baltic languages are discussed
above.
- For Celtic languages HOLLIS includes:
- Breton
- Brythonic
- Cornish
- Gaelic
- Gaulish
- Goidelic
- Irish
- Manx
- Proto Celtic
- Welsh
The Germanic and Greek languages are detailed above.
The Illyrian language is the language of Illyria, an ancient country
on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea and is poorly attested and not
certainly classified. According to HOLLIS, the Illyrian languages include the
Messapian and Venetic language. The Venetic language is spoken by the Veneti
Italic people also known as the Venetians who settled in the Aegean Islands of
Greece and Turkey, in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. As per Arutiunov, the
only remnant of Illyrian is Albanian.
The Indo Iranian languages are detailed above.
The Italic languages and dialects according to HOLLIS are
related to the Faliscan, Latin, and Venetic languages and have a grammar
comparable to Armenian and Etruscan. However, Arutiunov claims that this
information regarding Venetic languages is wrong. Also, according to
HOLLIS, the ancient city of Italica is is Spain, likely Seville.
However, as per Arutiunov, this information regarding the ancient city
of Italica is doubtful38.
Ancient Macedonia, a region in the central Balkan Peninsula, was
occupied by Macedonians whose language is generally assumed to be Indo European.
The modern Macedonian people speak a Slavic language. As per Arutiunov, Old
Macedonian was Illyric; New Macedonian is Slavic.
Phrygians speak one of the Anatolian languages (as per
Arutiunov, Phrygian is extinct and the Phrygians spoke Armenian rather than
Anatolian).
The Proto Indo European language is a theoretical
construct which attempts to locate an origin for Indo European. Some scholars
trace its origin to the Nostratic Mega Language Family39and
others see a relationship between the Indo European vocabulary and Old Chinese.
Arutiunov claims this is wrong. [NOTE: The publication on Indo
European vocabulary in Old Chinese is detailed in the endnote]40.
Perhaps the best definitive study on the reconstruction of a Proto-language is
by Tamaz Gamqrelize41.
The Slavic language is detailed above.
Thracian, the language of Thrace in the eastern Balkans, is generally
assumed to be Indo European. Thraco-Illyrian is generally related to Thracian,
Albanian, and Illyrian while Thraco Phrygian is a catch all catagory for the
Balkan and Asia Minor languages which do not fit in other catagories. HOLLIS
relates the Thracian language to Dacian.
The Tokharian language is synonymous with Yueh Cheh. HOLLIS relates
the Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites or Hunas in India and the Kushans in
Afghanistan (Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the
"first" Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China.
The Venetic language is spoken by the Veneti Italic people also known
as the Venetians who settled in the Aegean Islands of Greece and Turkey, as well
as in Greece, Slovenia, and Italy. A dialect of the Venetic language is spoken
by a people in the Rio Grande Do Sol area of Brazil (Arutiunov claims
that this information regarding the Venetic language is a
confusion).
- Indo European Languages in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS with comments by
Arutiunov in Bold Face.
- Albanian
- Anatolian
- Carian
- Hittite
- Hurrian (certainly not Indo European)
- Luwian
- Lycian
- Lydian
- Palaic
- Phrygian (not Anatolian)
- Urartian (not Indo European and not Anatolian; is related to
Dagestanic)
- Armenian
- Baltic
- Celtic
- Germanic
- Greek
- Illyrian
- Indo Iranian
- Italic
- Macedonian
- Phrygian (extinct; and the Phrygians spoke Armenian not
Anatolian)
- Slavic
- Thracian
- Tokharian
- Venetic
Alexeev does not separate the Indo European People from the Indo European
language; as well, he only lists Indo European in the former Soviet Union. Thus
I will defer to the HOLLIS listing for Indo European People with commentary by
Arutiunov in Bold Face. For Indo Europeans (peoples), HOLLIS
lists: Albanian, Armenian, Balts, Celts, Germanic, Hittites, Illyrians, Indo
Iranians, Latin people, Luwian, Slavs, Thracians, and Tokhari.
The Albanian people live on the western littoral of the Balkan
Peninsula in an area of an extremely complex mountain system enabling many
groups to exist, even today, in an isolated fashion. One group, the Ghegs, are
known as the "giant" north Albanian mountain people.
The Armenians are detailed above.
The Balts Indo European People (Baltic People) are detailed above.
The Celts are an early Indo European people of pre Roman Europe who
ranged from the British Isles and Spain to Asia Minor (as per Arutiunov,
the Celts migrated to Asia Minor but are not native to it) and in part
were absorbed into the Roman Empire as Britons, Gauls, Boii, Galatians, or
Celtiberians. HOLLIS also relates Celts to the Boii, Britons, and Gauls but in
addition also to the Carvetii, Cenomani Celtic People, the Druids, the Helvetii
Celtic People, the Picts, and the Welsh.
Germanic people are detailed above.
The Hittites, a word from the Hebrew, were the
aboriginal population of the kingdom of Khatti in eastern Asia Minor. Physical
characteristics include a sloping forehead and large aquiline nose as preserved
in the Hittite and Egyptian reliefs. The Hittite Empire of the second millennium
BC rivaled that of the Babylonians and Egyptians. Current research on the
Hittites relate the Hittites to the ancient city of Zippalanda and to recent
excavations in Turkey. The Hittites are also related to the Aegean
civilization42.
Illyrians lived in an ancient country on the eastern shore of the
Adriatic Sea; the term is derived from Greek and Latin. Illyria is populated by
the Illyrians whom HOLLIS relates to the Venetic Italic people of the Venetian
Republic or Venice, Italy (this relationship according to Arutiunov is
not correct).
The Indo Iranians are the Iranians, the Indo Aryans, and the Nuristani
and are detailed above.
HOLLIS relates the Latin peoples to Africa, the Black Sea region, and
to America. It is here that the controversial elements of race arise. Mostly
from older publications, topics such as Mediterranean race, Teutonic race,
Anglo-Saxon superiority and international competition in terms of trade and war
are listed. In the international competition category, earlier publications i.e.
1899 are concerned with the superiority of peoples; recent publications deal
with agriculture and technology on a global basis.
Luwian or Luian or Luwi are an ancient people who
lived on the southern coast of Asia Minor in and around Luya. The Luwian
populations also existed in Lycia and Cilicia Aspera during the Hellenistic
period and in Crete at a similar time period. The Luwian religion is related to
that of the Hurrian (however, the Luwian and Hurri languages are not
related, according to Arutiunov)43.
Thrace (Thracians), a Greek word, is a region of
the eastern Balkan Peninsula (Thracians were probably part of Illyric,
as per Arutiunov). Thraco-Illyrian is generally related to Thracian,
Albanian, and Illyrian. HOLLIS relates the Thracians to areas of Bulgaria,
Romania, Slovakia, and the Black Sea lowlands of the Ukraine as well as to
Denmark, Egypt, eastern Europe, and Moldova (as per Arutiunov, Moldova
yes! The rest [Denmark, Egypt, eastern Europe] is dubious). Recent
archaeology in the Sveshtari region of Bulgaria reveals a Thracian tomb near the
village of Sveshtari, and a recent congress examined Thracians as related to the
Mycenaean civilization44.
The Tokhari (Tochari) are also known as
the Yueh Chih (see above) and are a member of a people of advanced culture
dwelling in Central Asia during the ?first millennium AD until overrun by
Uighurs. HOLLIS relates the Yueh Chih to the Ephthalites and the Kushans. The
Ephthalites are the Hunas (Safeta Hunas/White Huns) in India and the Kushans are
in Afghanistan (Bactria). The Tokharian (Yueh Chih) have been regarded as the
"first" Indo-Europeans with their homeland in China45.
- Indo European people in Eurasia - as per HOLLIS with comments by Arutiunov
in Bold Face.
- Albanians - the only remnant of Illyric.
- Armenians
- Balts (Indo European People) - this is to distinguish from the
Baltic Finns
- Celts
- Germanic Peoples
- Greek
- Hittites - extinct
- Illyrians - the only remnant is Albanian; the rest is
extinct
- Indo Iranians
- Latin Peoples
- Luwians - extinct
- Slavs
- Thracians - extinct; were probably Illyric
- Tokhari - extinct
THE INDO EUROPEAN LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN EURASIA - RESOLUTION
- Indo European Language in Eurasia
- Albanian
- Armenian
- Baltic
- Celtic
- Breton
- Brythonic
- Cornish
- Gaelic
- Gaulish
- Goidelic
- Irish
- Manx
- Welsh
- Germanic
- Greek
- Indo Iranian
- Italic
- Macedonian
- Proto Indo European (a theoretical construct and easily can be deleted)
- Slavic
[Extinct Indo European Languages: Carian, Hittite, Hurrian,
Luwian, Lycia, Lydia, Palaic, Phrygian, Urartian, Illyrian, Thracian,
Tocharian, ???Venetic]
- Indo European People in Eurasia
- Albanian
- Armenian
- Balts (Indo European People)
- Celts
- Breton
- Brythonic
- Cornish
- Gaelic
- Gaulish
- Goidelic
- Irish
- Manx
- Welsh
- Germanic People (Germans)
- Greek
- Indo Iranian (Iranians, Indo Aryans, Nuristani)
- Italic
- Slavs
- ??? HOLLIS does not list the Macedonian people but does list the
Macedonian language]
[Extinct Indo European People include Hittite, Illyrian, Luwian,
Thracian, Tokhari]
Ethnic Interpretations: Finno Ugric
A second great family is that of Finno Ugric46.
Alexeev lists the following sub groups of the Finno Ugric sub family: Ugric
group = Mansi, Khant (Khantic), and Hungarian; Finnic group = Lapp (Lappic),
Nenet (Nenetic) [to be changed from Finno Ugric to Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic)
in lecture 10], East Finnic, and extinct Estonian. Alexeev also divides
Finno-Ugric into the two sub families of Finnic and Ugric.
According to Alexeev, Finnic is a sub-family of Finno Ugric and is widely
distributed. In Finland on the coast of the Barentz Sea and in eastern Norway
and Sweden, Lapps live. The forerunners of the Laps played an important role in
Russia. East of Finland in an area in northern Siberia live the Nenet (Netic)
people. In the Upper Volga Basin east of Moscow are several different groups who
speak the East Finnic language [HOLLIS does not list an East Finnic language].
Estonian belongs to the Finnic subfamily of Finno-Ugric. In the seventeenth
century the Estonians separated from the Finnic of Finland. Writing Estonian is
very difficult.
Alexeev lists the Ugric as a subfamily that is geographically distributed in
two areas in the Soviet Union and in one area in Hungary. In the Soviet Union in
the Ob Valley of Western Siberia, Mansi is spoken. Khanty (Khantic) is spoken
north of the Mansi area in northern central Siberia. Hungarian is spoken in
Hungary which is quite far from both Mansi and Khanty. [HOLLIS has no listing
for Ugric and instead references Hungarian]
HOLLIS lists two languages for the category Finno Ugric languages: Finnic and
Hungarian. For Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists the following related headings:
Baltic Finnic, Lapp, Mari, Mordvin, and Permic. For Baltic Finnic Languages, a
sub category of Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists = Estonian, Finnish, Ingrian,
Karelian, Livonian, and Veps. For Permic languages, another sub category of
Finnic languages, HOLLIS lists = Komi language and Udmurt language. For the
Hungarian language HOLLIS doesn't list any related headings although dialects
for Hungary are listed by geographic regions include Moldavia, Oberwart Austria
Bezirk, Ormansag, and Transylvania (Romania), Szamos Valley, Szamoshat, Szeged,
and Ukraine.
Arutiunov also divides the Finno Ugric subfamily into two groups: Finnic
group and Ugric group. For the Finnic group, Arutiunov establishes four
divisions: Western (Baltic) consisting of Finnish, Estonian, Karelian, Ingrian,
and Vote; Eastern (Permian) consisting of Komi-Zyrian; Komi-Permian, and Udmurt;
the Southern (Volgaic) consisting of Mordvian (Erzia and Moksha dialects), and
Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects); and Northern consisting of Lapp (Saami).
For Ugric, Arutiunov includes: Mansi, Khanti, and Hungarian.
Since Alexeev did not separate language and people, I will list Finno Ugrians
people, as per HOLLIS, with comments by Arutiunov in Bold Face.
Finno Ugrians: the Bulgars Turkic People or Bulgarians [Arutiunov states
that Turkic is not Finno Ugric], Estonians, Finns, Hungarians,
Karelians, Khanty, Komi, Livonians, Mansi, Mari, Mordvins, Permians, Sami
European People (Lapps), Udmurts, Veps, and Votes people.
The Bulgars Turkic People speak Bulgarian with different dialects spoken in
Bulgaria in Boboshtice, Ikhtiman, Silistrenski Okrug, Sofia, and Tihomir as well
as in Macedonia, Pontikia, Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace.
[According to Arutiunov, Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric;
they were assimilated by Slavs on the Danube; the dialects listed above are of
Slavic Bulgarians]. Modern Bulgarians speak a Slavic language.
The Estonians speak Estonian, the Finns speak Finnish (with perhaps the
greatest number of dialects), the Hungarians speak Hungarian, the Karelians
speak the Karelian language, the Khanty speak the Khanty language (with 4
dialects), and the Komi speak the Komi language.
The Livonians, from a small area in Latvia, speak the Livonian language, the
Mansi of the Ob Valley in Siberia and the Tavda Valley in Russia speak the Mansi
language, the Mari speak the Mari language, and the Mordvins speak the Mordvin
language with dialects of Erzya and Moksha. The Permians speak the Permian
(Permic) languages [consisting of 1) Udmurt, 2) Komi-Zyrian, and 3)
Komi-Permian as per Arutiunov], and the Sami European People speak a
Lapp language. The Udmurts speak the Udmurt language in the Vyatka River region,
the Veps speak the Veps language, and the Votes people speak a Vote
language.
That in some instances a different language exists in each valley is perhaps
well illustrated by the Finnish language with dialects in Finland including:
Anjala, Hameen Laani, Helsinki, IItti, Jaala, Jyvaskyla, Kainuu, Karkku, Kemi,
Kiihtelysvaara, Kuusamo, Kymen Laani, Kymenlaakso, Lahti, Lapin Laani, Mikkelin
Laani, Nurmijarvi Uudenmaan Laani, Lolun Laani, Pohjanmaa, Pohjois Karjala,
Pori, Satakunta, Savo, Somero, Suomussalmi, Tammela, Tampere, Tornio, Turku,
Turun Ja Porin Laani, Tyrvaa, Utsjoki, Uudenmaan Laani, Vaasan Laani, Vaskevesi,
Viljakkala, and Virrat; with dialects in Russia including Karelian Isthmus,
Kurgolovo Peninsula, Ladoga Lake Region, Leningradskaia Oblast, and Olonets;
with dialects in Sweden including Norrbotten and Vottangi; and with dialects in
the Torne River Valley of Sweden and Finland.
- Finno Ugric Language Family - as per Alexeev with additions by Arutiunov
in Bold Face
- Ugric Group
- Mansi
- Khant (Khantic)
- Hungarian
- Finnic Group
- Lapp (Lappic) - Lapp/Saami
- Nenet (Nenetic) *
- Estonian
- East Finnic - Finnish
- Karelian
- Ingrian
- Vote
- Komi-Zyrian
- Komi-Permian
- Udmurt
- Mordvian
- Mari
* to be changed by Alexeev from Finno Ugric to Samodic (obsolete
Samoyedic)in Lecture 10
- Finno Ugric Language - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Finnic (sub-family)
- Baltic Finnic
- Estonian
- Finnish
- Ingrian
- Karelian
- Livonian
- Veps
- Lapp
- Mari
- Mordvin
- Permic
- Komi
- Udmurt
- Hungarian (sub-family) - along with Khanty and Mansi form the
Ugric group of the Finno Ugric sub family
- Finno Ugric Sub Family of Uralic Family - as per Arutiunov
- Finnic group
- Western (Baltic)
- Finnish
- Estonian
- Karelian
- Ingrian
- Vote
- Eastern (Permian)
- Komi-Zyrian
- Komi-Permian
- Udmurt
- Southern (Volgaic)
- Mordvian (Erzia and Moksha dialects)
- Mari (Meadow and Highland dialects)
- Northern
- Lapp (Saami)
- Ugric group
- Hungarian
- Mansi
- Khanty
- Languages spoken by the Finno Ugric People as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Face
- Bulgarian - Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric; they
were assimilated by Slavs on the Danube;
- Estonian
- Finnish
- Hungarian
- Karelian
- Khanty
- Komi - a Permian language
- Livonian
- Mansi
- Mari
- Mordvin
- Permian (Permic) - consists of Komi and Udmurt
- Lapp
- Udmurt - a Permian language
- Veps (Vepsians)
- Votiak (old name for Udmurts)
- Vote (spoken by Votes in the Baltic area; nearly extinct)
- Finno Ugrians People - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face.
- Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) - Turkic is not Finno
Ugric
- Estonians
- Finns
- Hungarians
- Karelians
- Khanty
- Komi
- Livonians
- Mansi
- Mari
- Mordvins
- Permians
- Sami (Saami) European People (Lapps)
- Udmurts
- Veps
- Votes
FINNO UGRIC LANGUAGE AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION
In comparing the HOLLIS listings for the Finno Ugric
languages with the listings by Alexeev (as modified by Arutiunov), the following
comparisons can be made. HOLLIS lists the Bulgars Turkic people as Finno Ugric
and lists Bulgarian in the following regions: Boboshtice, Ikhtiman,
Silistrenski, Okrug, Sofia, Tihomir as well as areas in Macedonia, Pontikia,
Greece, Romania, Russia, and Thrace. Arutiunov, however, states that the
Turkic Bulgars were Turkic, not Finno Ugric, that they were assimilated by the
Slavs on the Danube, and that the dialects listed above are
Slavic47.
HOLLIS divides Finno Ugric: Finnic and Hungarian whereas
the Russians have created the heading "Ugric" which encompasses Hungarian,
Khanty, and Mansi. HOLLIS relates Khanty to Tungus48and
relates Mansi49to
Hungarian and Magyars (Hungarians, Palocs, Szeklers). Two groups listed by
HOLLIS but not included by the Russians are Livonians50and
Veps51.
Livonian is a district in Latvia and the Veps are a Finnish people of
Russia.
- Finno Ugric Language
- Bulgarian ???
- Estonian
- Finnish
- Hungarian
- Karelian
- Khanty
- Livonian
- Mansi
- Mari
- Mordvin
- Permian (Permic)
- Komi
- Udmurt
- Lapp
- Veps (Vepsians)
- Vote
[no extinct Finno Ugric languages]
- Finno Ugrians People
- Bulgars Turkic People (Bulgarians) ???
- Estonians
- Finns
- Hungarians
- Karelians
- Khanty
- Livonians
- Mansi
- Mari
- Mordvins
- Permians
- Komi
- Udmurt
- Saami European People (Lapps)
- Veps
- Votes
[no extinct Finno Ugric people]
Languages in the Caucasus
In the Caucasus the mountains are greater than five
kilometers high. There are some individual language families but Professor
Alexeev will only speak of the great families. Armenian52will
be excluded because of its complexity. According to Alexeev, Kartvelian53is
spoken in the western Caucasus. Kartli is the name of an ancient kingdom in the
first century AD. Georgian is spoken in Georgia proper and Megrelian
(Mingrelian) is spoken in western Georgia. Svanian is spoken in the central
mountain region north of the Megrelian area. Georgian, Megrelian, and Svanian
belong to the Kartic = Kartvelian Family. HOLLIS adds the Laz language to the
Kartvelian group. Arutiunov comments that Laz and Megrelian are two dialects of
a single language arbitrarily called Zanic.
Information on language families in the Caucasus, as per Alexeev, is quite
brief; information from HOLLIS on languages in the Caucasus is quite disjointed;
confusion surrounds the usage of the terms: Abhazian, Abazian, Abazin,
Abhazho-Abazian, Abaza, Abkhazians, Abkhaziia, and Abkhaz. Thus for the
authoratative voice on languages and people of the Caucasus, I will defer to
Arutiunov:
"The North Causasian family stretches from the Black Sea Coast
along the Caucasus Mountain Range (north slopes mostly) to the Caspian Sea.
The North Caucasian Family is divided into two sub families: Abkhazo-Adigian
and Nakh-Dagestanian. The Abkhazo-Adigian sub family consists of Adigian (two
literary standards: Adigian proper in the Republic of Adigea and
Kabardin-Circassian in theRepublics of Karachai-Circassia and
Kabardin-Balkaria), Abkhazian (spoken in Abkhazia), Abazin (closely resembling
Abkhazian; spoken in small pockets in Karachai-Circassia), and Ubykh (Peh),
nearly extinct, spoken in an area between Abkhazian and Adigian."
"There are more than thirty Nakh-Dagestani languages. Hurritic and
Urartian also belonged to this group. Circassian (Cherkessi) is a Russian
term; Adyge (Adigi) is self-denomination".
Alexeev mentions that the Ubykhian people also belong to the Abkhazo-Adigian
but live in eastern Turkey; Arutiunov comments that the Ubykhians emigrated from
Abkhazia in the 1860's and by now have shifted to Turkish.
Arutiunov continues:
"There is a Middle Eastern or Near Eastern racial type claimed by
M. Abdushelishvili and recognized generally by Alexeev. This type includes
Jews of Palestine, Armenians, Lowland Caucasians, and its more massive
Caucasionic variation of Caucasian highlanders. Linguistically Kartic =
Southern Caucasian family".
According to HOLLIS: Circassians are related to the Adygei
and are geographically identified with the Adygeiskaia Avtonomnaia Oblast
Russia. HOLLIS further relates the Circassians to Europe, Israel, and Jordan. In
a keyword listing for a publication on the Adygi54, Hollis
lists Karachay Turkic people and Balkar Turkic people as well as Circassians and
Caucasus. A listing on the Circassian languages retrieves the related headings
of "Adygei language" and "Kabardian language".
Alexeev continues: in drawing this ethnic map, we have the Adigian
people on the Black Sea coast. Inland, and directly east, in a small area we
have Balkarian (Balkar)55and
a small pocket of Karachaian (Karachay)56both
of which are to the north of the Svanians (both Balkarian and Karachaian
belong to the Turkic family). To the east of the Svanians are the Ossets (from
the Iranian sub-family); to the east of the Ossets is the Nakhs family57; and
to the east of the Nakhs and bordering the Caspian Sea are the Dagestanian
people. The Dagestan language family contains some languages which only are
spoken in one village58.
Comprising the Nakhs family are the Chechenian and Ingushian59.
[HOLLIS adds the Bats (Batsbi) language to Chechen and Ingush languages
related to the Nakhs language; Arutiunov concurs with HOLLIS]
As per Alexeev, four families that don't correspond to any other are located
in an area in Azerbaijan which is directly south of the Dagestanian people. The
Azerbaijan language belongs to the Turkic family (as do Balkarian and
Karachaian).
Alexeev does not list a Caucasian language family because
he claims that there is no such thing; that the evidence does not substantiate
one. HOLLIS has the following listing for Caucasian Languages60:
Abazin, Abkhaz, Abkhazo Adyghian, Bats, Chechen, Daghestan, Georgian, Ingush,
Kartvelian, Nakh, Nakho Daghestan, Tapanta dialect, and Ubykh. Arutiunov
comments: "Americans also should abandon as utterly incorrect, politically and
scientifically, a usage of Caucasian as designating the 'white' or Europoid
race. Caucasians are either native inhabitants of the Caucasus area (including
Armenians, Azeris, Ossetians and other Turkic and Indo European speakers) or,
linguistically, the people who speak Caucasian languages. However, if we adhere
to a linguistic definition i.e. people who speak Caucasian languages, then the
above must be excluded and the term would cover only Georgians or Kartwelic,
Abkhazo-Adyghean and Nakh-Daghestanic. Racially or physically, the term
Caucasionic should instead be used. This term was introduced by the Georgian
antrhropologist M. Abdushelishvili61".
LANGUAGE FAMILIES IN THE CAUCASUS - As per Alexeev with additions
in Bold Face by Arutiunov
- KARTIC = KARTVELIAN FAMILY
- Georgian
- Megrelian
- Svanian
- ABKHAZO-ADIGIAN FAMILY
- Abazian (and Abkhazian)
- Ubykhian
- Adygian
- NAKHS FAMILY
- Chechenian
- Ingushian
- Batsbian
(some of these languages only are spoken in one village;
there are 29 languages as per Arutiunov)
- INDO-EUROPEAN FAMILY
- Iranian sub-family
- Ossets
- TURKIC FAMILY
- Kypchak sub-family
- Balkarian
- Karachaian
- Kumik
- Nogai
- Oguz sub-family
- Azerbaijani
- CAUCASIAN LANGUAGES - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold type
- Abazin
- Abkhaz
- Adyge
- Ubykh
- Abkhazo Adyghian - is sub-family of all 4 above
- Bats - Batsbi belongs to Nakh
- Chechen - along with Ingush belongs to Nakh
- Daghestani:
- Agul
- Avaric
- Dargwa (and Kaitag and Kubachi dialects)
- Lak
- Lezgian
- Rutul
- Tabasaran
- Ginukh dialect - delete
- Kubachi dialect - delete
- Tsahur
- Rutul
- Andi
- Bagwali
- Godoberi
- Karati
- Akhwakh
- Chamalal
- Botlikh
- Tindi
- Archi
- Bezhti (and Gunzeb dialect)
- Tsez (Dido)
- Khvarshi (and Ginukh dialect)
- Udi - in northern Azerbaijan
- Khinalug - in northern Azerbaijan
- Kryz, Djek, Gaputl, and Budug (Shahdag languages in northern
Azerbaijan)
- Georgian - same as Kartvelian
- Ingush - delete
- Kartvelian - same as Georgian
- Georgian
- Laz
- Mingrelian
- Svan
- Nakh - includes Batsbi, Chechen, Ingush
- Nakho Daghestan - includes Nakh and Daghestani
- Tapanta dialect - of Abaza
- Ubykh - emigrated from Abkazia and now speak Turkish
Caucasian People as per HOLLIS (HOLLIS has no listing for
Caucasian People; rather the listing for Caucasians retrieves "Caucasian Race"
and includes: Indo Europeans, Mediterranean Race, Semites, Teutonic Race,
Whites, and Working Class Whites)
LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE IN THE CAUCASUS - RESOLUTION
For Caucasian Languages, Arutiunov's directions are, for the most part,
followed. Dialects are eliminated, as is true for all the language families
listed above. The Caucasian People, other than referring to those people who
live in the Caucasus, will be eliminated and recommendation will be made to
those in the Harvard Library System that the entries for Caucasian Race need
attention - HOLLIS's listing for Caucasian Race includes a mixture of race,
language, and class and for the most part is pejorative.
- Caucasian Languages
- Abkhazo Adyghian sub family
- Abazin
- Abkhaz
- Adyge
- Ubykh
- Nakho Daghestan sub family
- Nakh
- Batsbi
- Chechen
- Ingush
- Dagestani
- Agul
- Avaric
- Lak
- Lezgian
- Rutul
- Tabasaran
- Tsahur
- Andi
- Bagwali
- Godoberi
- Karati
- Akhwakh
- Chamalal
- Botlikh
- Tindi
- Archi
- Tsez (Dido)
- Udi - in northern Azerbaijan
- Khinalug - in northern Azerbaijan
- Shadag - in northern Azerbaijan including Kryz, Djek, Gaputl, and
Budug
- Kartvelian (Georgian) sub family
- Laz
- Mingrelian
- Svan
[No extinct languages in the Caucasus]
- Caucasian People - a geographic term relating to those people who live in
the Caucasus:
- Abazin
- Abkhaz
- Adyge
- Ubykh
- Batsbi
- Chechen
- Ingush
- Agul
- Avaric
- Lak
- Lezgian
- Rutul
- Tabasaran
- Tsahur
- Andi
- Bagwali
- Godoberi
- Karati
- Akhwakh
- Chamalal
- Botlikh
- Tindi
- Archi
- Tsez (Dido)
- Udi
- Khinalug
- Shadag
- Laz
- Mingrelian
- Svan
[no extinct people in the Caucasus]
Ethnic Interpretations: Turkic
According to Alexeev, the Turkic language family is one of the most
complicated of families. Turkic occupies a great area in Eurasia yet it does not
form a continuous area i.e. there are no common borders.
HOLLIS lists Turkic languages in Central Asia, China (Xingjiang Uighur
Autonomous region), Caucasus, Khurasan Province in Iran, Siberia, and Volga
Valley. HOLLIS lists the following Turkic languages: Azerbaijani, Bashkir,
Bulgaro Turkic, Chagatai, Chuvash, Gagauz, Kara Kalpak, Kazakh, Khakass, Khalaj,
Nogai, Oghuz, Turkic languages northwest, Turkic languages southeast, and Turkic
languages southwest. For the Turkic languages northwest, HOLLIS lists: Bashkir,
Cara Kalpak, Kazakh, Kuman, Kyrgyz, Nogai, and Tatar. For the Turkic languages
southeast, Hollis lists: Chagatai, Khorezmian Turkic, Salar, Uighur, and Uzbek.
For the Turkic languages southwest, HOLLIS lists: Azerbaijani, Gagauz, Oghuz,
Turkish, and Turkmen. Arutiunov comments that the northwest = Kypchak group;
southwest = Oghuz group; southeast = Karluk group; and northeast = Altain,
Khakass, Touvinian, Shor, and Yakut.
As per Alexeev, in the Caucasus is the Azerbaijan language family located in
several areas. HOLLIS lists an Azerbaijani language with dialects in Shaki,
Azerbaijan; the Dmanisi region of the Georgia republic; and Tabriz, Iran.
Alexeev states that Balkarian and Karachaian are sub-families of Azerbaijan.
HOLLIS lists Balkarian as Balkar Turkic people and Karachian as Karachay
Turkic people. HOLLIS lists the Lezgian languages as related to Azerbaijani and
relates the Balkar Turkic people and Karachay Turkic peoople with the Kabardian
language (related to Adygei) and to the Circassian languages.
Arutiunov states that the above information from HOLLIS, beginning with the
fourth sentence is absolutely wrong! He continues:
"Karachai and Balkar are in the Kypchak group and Azerbaijani is in the Oguz
group. Karachai and Circassians live in the Carachai-Circassian Republic;
Balkars and Kabardins live in the Kabardin-Balkarian Republic. This is the
political and geographical distribution. However, Karachai and Balkar are very
close Turkic languages. Circassian and Kabardin are close dialects of Adigian
language. Adigian and Turkic are NOT mutually related".
HOLLIS relates the Circassian languages to the Adygei
language and the Kabardian language62. Of
importance is that for the Balkar Turkic people, HOLLIS also includes a recent
publication on civil rights infractions and crimes against minorities63.
As per Alexeev, Turkic is also located in the Upper Volga Valley where East
Finnic is distributed. South of the East Finnic groups are two sub families
speaking Turkic: the Chuvashian [Chuvash] and the Bashkirian [Bashkir]. The
Tatarian [Tatar] language is also located in the Volga Valley. Tatar language
dialects, according to HOLLIS, are located in China (Manchou), Crimea, and the
Russia Federation in ten different locales.
Alexeev continues: in Central Asia there are five groups who speak Turkic
located in four geographical areas. Turkmenian [Turkmen] is spoken in the
western part of Central Asia (in Turkmenistan), Uzbeian [Uzbek] is spoken in the
desert area near the Aral Sea i.e. in Uzbekistan. Uzbek, according to HOLLIS, is
also spoken in Afghanistan, the Aral Sea region of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan,
Khorezm, Namangan, Shakhrisyabz, Tajikistan, and nine different locations in
Uzbekistan], Kara-Kalpakian [Kara-Kalpak] is the northern population of
Uzbekistan, Kirgiz = Kirgizian [Kyrgyz] (are in Kirghizistan), and Kazakh or
Kazah [Kazakh] (in Kazahkstan) i.e. spoken along the borders of China.
Alexeev continues: Turkic is also spoken in eastern Siberia both in the
mountains and flats. Altai-Kizi is spoken in the Altai and to the east in the
Yenissei Valley is Khakassian [a republic in Siberia, as per Arutiunov]. In
eastern Siberia in the Lena Valley, Yakutian is spoken. In the Tanno-Tuva region
in the mountain area on the Yenisei River, Tuvinian (in Tuva) is spoken.
Tuvinian is classic Mongolian. [Arutiunov comments: "this is wrong; Tuvinian is
Turkic; Mongolian is Mongolic"] In western Siberia, in the south areas, a west
Siberian Tatarian language is spoken. This language is also spoken in the Volga
Valley (along with Chuvashian and Bashkirian).
As per Alexeev: in Turkey, classic Turkish is spoken. [For the Turkish
language, HOLLIS lists dialects in Central Asia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria
(Turgovishtki Okrug and Vidin), Cyprus, Gaziantep, Turkey, Iraq, Kazakhstan,
Vevsehir, Uzbekistan, and twelve different geographic locations in Turkey, and
Yugoslavia (Prizren Serbia)]. Alexeev concludes: Classic Turkish is similar to
Azerbaijan. Turkmens also live in eastern Iran and Afghanistan. Some Turkic
groups live in western Mongolia.
TURKIC (FAMILY) - as per Alexeev with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Face
- (In Caucasus)
- Oguz group
- Azerbaijani (only Azerbaijani; others are Turkish, Gagauz, and
Turkmen)
- Kypchak or Kuman group
- Balkarian (Balkar)
- Karachaian (Karachai)
- Kumik
- Nogai
- (In Volga Valley)
- Kypchak group
- Chuvashian (Chuvash) ???
- Bashkirian (Bashkir)
- Tatarian (Tatar)
- Volga Tatars
- Siberian Tatars
- Mishars (east of Moscow)
- (In Central Asia)
- Oguz group
- Turkmenian (Turkmen)
- Karluk group
- Uzbekian (Uzbek)
- Kypchak group
- Kara-Kalpakian (Kara-Kalpak)
- Kirgizian (Kyrgyz)
- Kazakh
- (In Siberia)
- Siberian group
- Altai-Kizi (Altaian)
- Khakassian
- Jakutian (Yakut)
- Tatarian - delete; replace with Tuvinian
- Shor
- (In Turkey)
- Oguz group
- Classic Turkish
- Turkic Languages - as per HOLLIS with additions by Arutiunov in
Bold Type
- Azerbaijani - listed in Oguz
- Bashkir - listed in Kypchak
- Bulgaro Turkic - the Bulgars Turkic people are extinct
- Chagatai - listed in Karluk
- Chuvash ???
- Gagauz - listed in Oguz
- Kara Kalpak - listed in Kypchak
- Kazakh - listed in Kypchak
- Khakass - listed in the Siberian group
- Khalaj
- Nogai - listed in Kypchak
- Oghuz - a group, not a language
- Turkic languages northwest (Kypchak)
- Bashkir
- Kara Kalpak
- Kazakh
- Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)
- Kyrgyz
- Nogai
- Tatar
- Turkic languages southeast (Karluk)
- Chagatai
- Khorezmian Turkic language (dialect of Uzbek)
- Salar - in China
- Uighur - in China
- Uzbek
- Turkic languages southwest (Oguz)
- Azerbaijani
- Gagauz
- Oghuz
- Turkish
- Turkmen
- Turkish - delete
- Turkmen - delete
- Turkic languages northeast (Siberian)
- Altaian
- Khakass
- Tuvinian
- Shor
- Yakut
- Turkic People - as per HOLLIS with additions by
Arutiunov in Bold Type
- Afshar Turkic - close to Azerbaijani; in Iran
- Altai Turkic - Altaian
- Azerbaijanis
- Balkar Turkic
- Bashkir Turkic
- Bulgars Turkic - extinct
- Chuvash Turkic
- Huns - extinct
- Kara Kalpaks Turkic
- Karachay Turkic
- Karapapaks Turkic - close to Turkmen; in Iran
- Kazakhs
- Kipchak Turkic
- Kumyk Turkic (Kumik)
- Kyrgyz
- Nogai Turkic
- Oghuz Turkic
- Pecheneg Turkic - extinct
- Qashqai - in Iran and Afghanistan (?)
- Tatars64
- Teleut Turkic - Altaian
- Turkmen
- Turks
- Tuvinians
- Uighur Turkic
- Uzbeks
- Yakut Turkic
- Yuruks Turkic - dialect of Turkish
TURKIC LANGUAGES AND PEOPLE - RESOLUTION
The Turkic language family, as per Alexeev, and the Turkic language as per
HOLLIS exhibited a direct relationship, and with Arutiunov adding the finer
points, the Turkic language appears to be reaching a point of resolution.
Likewise for the Turkic people. However, it again should be emphasized that both
language and people are fluid; languages become extinct and people become
assimilated into different geographic, religious, and political groups.
- Turkic languages in Eurasia
- Oguz group - southwest
- Azerbaijani
- Gagauz
- Turkish
- Turkmen
- Kypchak (Kuman) group - northwest
- Bashkir
- Kara Kalpak
- Kazakh
- Kuman (Karachai, Balkar, Kumik)
- Kyrgyz (Kirgiz)
- Nogai
- Tatar
- Karluk group - southeast
- Chagatai
- Salar (in China)
- Uighur (in China)
- Uzbek
- Siberian group - northeast
- Altaian
- Khakass
- Yakut
- Tuvinian
- Shor
- Turkic people in Eurasia
- Afshar Turkic (close to Azerbaijani)
- Altai Turkic (in Altai region of Siberia)
- Azerbaijanis (in Caucasus)
- Balkar Turkic (in Caucasus)
- Bashkir Turkic (in Volga Valley)
- Chuvash Turkic (in Volga Valley)
- Kara Kalpaks Turkic (in Central Asia)
- Karachay Turkic (in Caucasus)
- Karapapaks Turkic (close to Turkmen)
- Kazakhs (in Central Asia)
- Kipchak Turkic (in Caucasus, Central Asia, and Volga Valley)
- Kumyk (Kumik) Turkic (in Caucasus)
- Kyrgyz (in Central Asia)
- Nogai Turkic (in Caucasus)
- Oghuz Turkic (In Caucasus, Central Asia, Turkey)
- Tatars (in Volga Valley)
- Turkmens (in Central Asia)
- Turks (in Turkey)
- Tuvinians (in Siberia)
- Uighur Turkic (in China)
- Uzbeks (in Central Asia)
- Yakut Turkic (in Siberia)
[Extinct Turkic people: Bulgars Turkic, Huns, Pecheneg
Turkic][Extinct Turkic people: Bulgars Turkic, Huns, Pecheneg
Turkic]
The origin of the Turkic people is most difficult.
Professor Alexeev feels that the origin of Turkic should be dated no earlier
than the first millennium BC. Colin Renfrew65dates
the origins of the Turkic people at 8-7 millennium BC and relates their origins
to the origins of agriculture. According to Alexeev, there is no evidence at
such an early period. This has been checked out by two Russians: Ivanov and
Gamkrelidze66.
According to Alexeev, Renfrew's dating suggests a strong feeling of racism.
Carlton Coon authored several books on racism67; his
work has been criticized by many people. Frederick Hulse68is
another scholar who describes racial types. The Revolution of 1917 stopped
racism in the USSR. Racism reappeared in 1949 when Stalin eliminated western
influences. According to Arutiunov, what Stalin attempted to do, as was done in
Tsarist time, was to channel the discontent of the masses against the Jews and
some other minorities. Stalin toyed with a Russian chauvinist feeling to elicit
more political support.
[This is the end of Lecture 9]
Lecture 10 can be found on the Downloads
page
Notes for Chapter VII
1V. Mair's recent excavations in
Xingjiang reveal the presence of "Caucasian" or what Alexeev would call
Europoid.[
back]
2V. Arutiunov says that the Bronze
Age in the Caucasus and Central Asia begins in the fourth (Early Bronze)
millennium.[
back]
3COMMENT: Turkistan is the area of
Central Asian Turkic speaking Islamic nations i.e. the 5 former Soviet Republics
(including Turkmenistan) and Xingjiang.[
back]
4South Asia is the area once known as
British India including Pakistan, Nepal, Ceylon etc.[
back]
5Russian scholars Viacheslav
Vsevolodovich Ivanov and Tamaz Valerianovich Gamkrelidze
published:
1984."Indoevropeiskii iazyk i
indoevropeitsy: rekonstruktsiia i istoriko-tipologicheskii analiz praiazyka i
protokul'tury"; published in Tbilisi: Izd-vo Tbilisskogo
Universiteta.
This text was translated into
English in by Johanna Nichols:
1995."Indo-European and
the Indo-Europeans: a reconstruction and historical analysis of a Proto-language
and a Proto-culture"; edited by Werner Winter with a preface by Roman Jakobson;
published in Berlin; New York: M. de Gruyter.[
back]
6Colin Renfrew's text is:
1987."Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European
Origins" published in London by J. Cape.[
back]
7Serbo-Croatian is spoken by the
Serbs, Montenegrins, Croats, and Bosnians.[
back]
8Wends (Sorbians) are a Slavic people
who occupied eastern Germany during the early medieval period and now are
surviving along the middle and upper Spree River.[
back]
9The East Prussian language became
extinct in the late seventeenth century. The country of Prussia no longer
exists. Therefore, the Prussian people must have assimilated.[
back]
10Frisian is a Germanic language of the
Frisian people who occupy principally the Netherlands province of Friesland and
the Frisian islands in the North Sea.[
back]
11Dictionary definitions for Galician
are:
1) [Galicia, region and ancient
kingdom of northwest Spain]; a native or inhabitant of Spanish Galicia; the
language of the Galicians.
2) Of or
relating to Galicia, a division of Spain north of Portugal; of or relating to
the Galician language.
3) [Galicia, former
Austrian crownland in east central Europe]; of or relating to Galicia, a former
province of the Austro-Hungarian empire now a region of southwestern Poland and
western area of the (then) USSR.
4) A
native or inhabitant of the former Austrian crownland of Galicia; a Galician Jew
of Poland; a speaker of one of the several Yiddish dialects among eastern
European Jews.[
back]
12A fairly recent publication which
relates Armenian to Anatolian and Indo-Aryan languages
is:
1976."Indoevropeiskie iazyki: khetto-luviiskie
iazyki, armianskii iazyk, indoariiskie iazyki" by M.S. Androvov; published in
Moskva: Nauka.
According to Arutiunov,
Armenian and Anatolian were geographically continuous about 4 thousand years ago
and mutually influenced.[
back]
13HOLLIS lists Greek as belonging to the
Mediterranean Race along with Latin. Maybe to Homer there was a Mediterranean
race; however this concept is now archaic. Further, the notion of a Black Race
is likewise obsolete. For the past several years, I have observed large
populations of African American people in the DC area, and physically they are
all unique. And although they unite themselves under the banner "Black", the
pigmentation of skin runs the entire gamut from light to dark. At the "Million
Man March" (actually 760,000 + 20% as per Farouk El Baz) all physical
characteristics, from gracile to robustus, were represented. [
back]
14Alexeev only mentions the Iranian
subgroup of the Indo European language. HOLLIS lists three groups: Iranian, Indo
Aryan, and Nuristani. Arutiunov confirms that Nuristani is somewhat intermediate
between Iranian and Indo Aryan.[
back]
15Proceedings from a recent congress on
the Tokharian language:
1994."Tocharisch: Akten der
Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellischaft Berlin, September 1990 /
herausgegeben von Bernfried Schlerath" sponsored by the Indogermanische
Gesellschaft; published in Reykjavik: Malvisindastofnun Haskola Islands.[
back]
16A publication relating the Sogdian
language to Old Turkic and Uighur languages
is:
1989."Ulmas obidalar: Uzbekiston khalqlarining
qadimgi ezma edgorliklari buiicha tadqiqotlar" by M. Ishoqov et al.; published
in Toshkent: Uzbekiston SSR "Fan" nashrieti.[
back]
17For the Indo Aryans, HOLLIS references
three recent texts published in India:
1992."The
problem of Aryan origins from an Indian point of view" by K.D. Sethna; published
in New Delhi: Aditya Prakasana.
1993."Aryan invasion of
India: the myth and the truth" by Navaratna S. Rajaram; published in New Delhi:
Voice of India.
1993."The Aryans, a modern myth" by
Paramesh Choudhury; published in New Delhi: Eastern Publishers' Distributor.[
back]
18The only publication on the Parya Indic
People listed in HOLLIS is:
1963."Indiiskii dialekt
gruppy par'ia (Gissarskaia dolina): materialy i issledovaniia" by I.M. Oranskii;
published in Moskva.
According to
Arutiunov, the Parya Indic People are a small group, northernmost of all Indo
Aryan people, and the only Indo Aryans in the former USSR.[
back]
19A recent publication on the Kashmiri
language is:
1987."A descriptive study of Kashmiri" by
Roopkrishen, Bhat; published in Delhi: Amar Prakashan.[
back]
20The only listing in HOLLIS for the Phalura language
is:
"Die Sprache von Sau in Ostafghanistan. Betirage zur Kenntnis des
cardischen Phalura" by Georg Buddruss; published in Munchen: Kitzinger in
Kommission.[
back]
21The only publication on the Torwali
language listed in HOLLIS is:
1929. "Torwali: an account of a Dardic
language of the Swat Kohistan" by Sir George A. Grierson ... based on materials
collected in Torwal by Sir Aurel Stein ... with a note by Sir Aurel Stein on
Torwal and its people and a map; published in London: Royal Asiatic society.[
back]
22For Palic, HOLLIS
references:
1972.[Bible, N.T. Acts. Palikur] Atos: na
lingua Palikur; published in Brasilia: Libraria Crista
Unida.
1990."Beda palic sie slowa" by Karolina
Turkiewicz-Suchanowska; published in Krakow: Miniatura.[
back]
23The text by Parpola
is:
1994."Deciphering the Indus Script" by A. Parpola;
published in Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.[
back]
24Dardic languages, according to Parpola
are spoken in the mountain regions of the northwest from the Hindu Kush to
Kashmir.[
back]
25Two recent publications on Indo
Aryans:
1992."The problem of Aryan origins from an
Indian point of view" by Kaikhushru Dhunjibhay Sethna; published in New Delhi:
Aditya Prakasana.
1995."The Aryan hoax, that dupes the
Indians" by Paramesa Caudhuri; publiched in Calcutta: P. Choudhury.[
back]
26The only listing for Parya Indic people
in HOLLIS is:
1963."Indiiskii dialekt gruppy par'ia
(Gissarskaia dolina): materialy i issledovianiia" by Iosif Mikhailovich
Oranskii; published in Moskva.[
back]
27In HOLLIS, a su search for "Nuristan"
retrieved:
1975."Chitral and Kafiristan: a personal
study" by Mohammad Afzal Khan; published in Peshawar: Ferozsons with keywords:
"Kafiristan (Afghanistan)", Chitral District (Pakistan), and Nuristan
(Afghanistan).
And a su search for "Kafir"
retrieved:
1979. "Nuristan" by Lennart Edelbery and Schuyler Jones;
published in Graz: Akadem. Druck- u. Verlagsanst.[
back]
28HOLLIS relates the Nuristani language
with Dardic and lists the following two publications on Nuristani
languages:
1983. "The Dardic and Nuristani languages"
by Dzohoi Iosifovna Edelman; translated from the Russian by E.H. Tsipan; edited
by N.A. Dvoryankov; published in Moscow: "Nauka" pub. House, Central Dept. of
Oriental Literature.
1984."Nuristani buildings" by
Lennart Edelberg; Pub. info: Aarhus Jysk arkaeologisk selskab. [keywords include
"dwellings--Afghanistan--Nuristan" and "Nuristan (Afghanistan)--description and
travel"] [
back]
29For Nuristani languages, HOLLIS cites:
[retrieves related heading: Bashgali language].[
back]
30HOLLIS shows a direct relationship
between Kafiri languages and Nuristani languages. For the entry "Kafiri
languages", HOLLIS references: Kafiri Languages [retrieves: Nuristani
languages].
Also, HOLLIS relates Kafirs to
Xhosa, Bantu, and Zulu in Africa, and mentions the Kafirs of Afghanistan (Hindu
Kush), and the Kafir region of Pakistan.[
back]
31A definitive study of Kafirs
is:
c1986."The religion of the Kafirs: the pre-Islamic
heritage of Afghan Nuristan" by Karl Jettmar; translated from the German by Adam
Nayyar; with contributions from Schuyler Jones and Max Klimburg; published in
Warminster, Wiltshire, England: Aris Phillips.[
back]
32The following publications are listed
for the Bashgali language:
1902."Notes on the Bashgali
(Kafir) language: compiled by J. Davidson: published in Calcutta: The Asiatic
Society.
1986."Bashgali dictionary: an analysis of
Cononel J. Davidson's notes on the Bashgali language: by Sten Konow; published
in Delhi, India: Gian Pub. House.[
back]
33A recent publication on the Xhosa
language:
1992."IBhibliyografi yolwimi olusisiXhosa
ukuya kutshokunyaka we-1990 / ihlanganiswe ngu M.A. Peters no C.P. Bothma;
ihlelwe ngu G.T. Sirayi [Bibliography of the Xhosa language to the year 1990 /
compiled by M.A. Peters and C.P. Bothma; Xhosa text edited by G.T. Sirayi;
published in Pretoria: State Library. [
back]
34In HOLLIS, a search for Kafir revealed
the heading "Kafir language Bantu --Foreign words and phrases --Afrikaans
language" with the citation:
1948."Afrikaanse woords in
Xhosa, intreerede uitgespreeek in Pietermaritzburg op Mei 1948 by Gabriel
Stefanus Nienaber; publlished in Pietermaritzbury: Natalse
Universiteitskollege.[
back]
35In HOLLIS, a kw search for Wakhi
retrieved:
1876."On the Ghalchah languages (Wakhi and
Sarikoli);published in Calcutta, printed by C.B.
Lewis.
Recent publications on the Wakhi
include:
1976."IAzyki Vostochnogo Gindukusha" by A.L.
Griunberg; published in Moskva: Nauka.
?1985."Wahki
language" by Ali Haqiqat; published in Hunza, Pakistan: Wakhi Culture
Association.[
back]
36The HOLLIS reference for Wama retrieves
Akurio Indians of Surinam:
1977."The Akuriyo of
Suriman: a case of emergence from isolation" by Peter Kloos: published in
Copenhagen: International Secretariat of IWGIA.[
back]
37For Makua, HOLLIS
lists:
1982."The Muslim Zanzibaris of South Africa: the
religious expression of a minority group, descendants of freed slaves" by G.C.
Oosthuizen; published in Durban, South Africa: Research Institute, Dept. of
Science of Religion, University of Durban-Westville. [
back]
38For Italica the ancient
city:
1978."Mosaicos romanos de Italica" by Antonio
Blanco Freijeiro; published in Madrid: Instituto Espanol de Arqueologia "Rodrigo
Caro" del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones d'
ecas.
1980."Traianeum de Italica" by Pilar Leon Alonso;
published in Sevilla: Monte de Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Sevilla.[
back]
39For a relationship between Proto Indo
European and Nostratic see:
1994."The Nostratic
macrofamily: a study in distant linguistic relationship" by Allan R. Bomhard;
published in Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.[
back]
40On the Chinese
connection:
1988."Indo European vocabulary in Old
Chinese: a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in
the late Neolithic Age" by Tsung-Tung Chang; published in Philadelphia, PA:
Dept. of Oriental Studies.[
back]
41The Indo European Proto
language:
1995."Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: a
reconstruction and historical analysis of a Proto language and a proto culture"
by Tamaz Gamqrelize with a preface by Roman Jakobson; published in Berlin; New
York: M. de Gruyter.[
back]
42On Hittites and the ancient city of
Zippalanda:
1994."Zippalanda: ein Kultzentrum im
hethitischen Kleinasien" by Maciej Popko; published in Heidelberg:
Universitatsverlag.
On excavations in
Turkey:
1986."L'Anatolia hittita: repertori
archeologici ed epigrafici" by Massimiliano Marazzi; published in Roma:
Dipartimento di scienze storiche archeologiche e anthropologiche dell'antichita,
Universita degli studi di Roma "La
Sapienza".
On Hittites and the
Achaeans:
1960."Achaeans and Hittites" by George
Leonard Huxley; published in Oxford.[
back]
43On Luwian religion
see:
1974."Hurritische und luwische Riten aus
Kizzuwatna" by Volkert Haas; published in Kevelaer: Butzon Bercker.[
back]
44On archaeology in
Bulgaria:
1986."The Thracian tomb near the village of
Sveshtari" by Alexander Fol et al.; published in Sofia: Svyat
Publishers.
On Thracians and the Mycenaean
civilization:
1989."Thracians and Mycenaeans:
proceedings of the Fourth Interlational Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24-26
September 1984" edited by Jan G.P. Best and Nanny M.W. De Vries; published in
Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill.[
back]
45On the Tocharians and the
Yueh-Chih:
1987."On the 'first' Indo Europeans: the
Tokharian-Yuezhi and their Chinese homeland" by A.K. Narain; published in
Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian
Studies.[
back]
46Nenets are not Finno Ugric; they are
Samodic (obsolete Samoyedic); see lecture 10.[
back]
47This situtation creates an interesting
problem: at which point in the assimilation process does an individual cease
being a Turkic Bulgar (Finno Ugric as per HOLLIS; Turkic as per Arutiunov) and
become a Slav (Indo European as per HOLLIS and Arutiunov)?.[
back]
48On the relationship between Khanty and
Tungis:
1975."Tungusische Lehnworter des Ostjakischen"
by Istvan Futaky: published in Wiesbaden: In Kommission bei
Harrassowitz.
Another significant
publication on the Khanty and Mansi:
1955."The Ostyak
(Khanty) and the Vogul (Mansi)" by Indiana University. Graduate Program in
Uralic and Asian Studies: published in New Haven: Human Relations Area Files.
[
back]
49On Mansi and
Magyars:
1954."Hungarian and Vogul mythology: by Geza
Roheim; published in Locust Valley, NY: J.J. Augustin.[
back]
50A recent publication on Livonians
is:
1988."Liniesu apgerbs 10.-13. gs." by Anna Zarina;
published in Riga: "Zinatne". [Keywords are Livonians--Antiquities; excavations
(Archaeology)--Latvia][
back]
51A publication on
Veps:
1955."The Vepsians" by Indiana University.
Graduate Program in Uralic and Asian studies; published in New Haven: Human
Relations Area Files.[
back]
52Alexeev claims that Armenia is a complex
language and therefore excludes it from discussion; HOLLIS profiles Armenian in
a fashion similar to most other languages, has 511 entries, and relates Armenian
to Anatolian and Indo-Aryan.
Arutiunov comments
that Armenian, Anatolian, and Indo Aryan have split from early Indo European
more or less in the same area, but linguistically are not too closely
related.[
back]
53HOLLIS concurs with Alexeev that
Georgian, Mingrelian, and Svan are Kartvelian Languages, but also adds the Laz
language.
A recent publication on the Laz
language is:
1994."Xalzuri sibrzne" by semdgenelebi R.
Serozia and O. Memisise"; published in Tbilisi: Almanaxi
"Mtsgemsi".
Arutiunov comments that
Kartvelian is the same as Georgian.[
back]
54The publication on the Adygi is
entitled:
1974."Adygi, balkartsy i karachaevtsy v
izvestiiakh evropeiskikh avtorov XIII-XIX vv." by V.K. Gardanov;published in
Nal'chik: "El'brus".[
back]
55For Balkarian, HOLLIS retrieves Balkar
Turkic People and lists the following recent
publications:
1991."Drevnie verovaniia balkartsev i
karachaevtsev: kratkii ocherk" by Makhti Chimaevich Dzhurtubaev; published in
Nal'chik: El'brus.
1992."Narodnve traditsii
kabardintsev i balkartsev" by A.I. Musukaev and A.I. Pershits; published in
Nal'chik: A.I. Musukaev, A.I.
Pershits.
1992."Balkariia: istoricheskii ocherk" by
Misost Kuchukovich Abaev; published in Nal'chik:
El'brus.
1993."Karachaevtsy i balkartsy - drevnii narod
Kavkaza" by E.P. Alekseeva; published in Moskva:
"Briz".
1994."Repressirovannye narody: istoriia i
sovremennost': tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii 5-i Vserossiiskoi
nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii 6-7 marta 1994 g., posviashchennoi 50-letiuu
deportatsii balkarskogo naroda" by redkollegiia S.I. Akieva; published in
Nal'chik.[
back]
56The Karachay Turkic people speak a
Karachay Balkar language. A recent archaeological publication on the site
Karachay-Cherkessia is:
1992."Arkheologicheskie
pamiatniki Karachaevo-Cherkesii" by E.P. Alekseeva; published in Moskva:
"Nauka".[
back]
57For the Nakh languages which are a
subcategory of Caucasian languages, HOLLIS lists Nakh language as being related
to Bats, Chechen, and Ingush; Arutiunov comments that the Nakh language includes
Bats (Batsbi), Chechen, and Ingush.[
back]
58HOLLIS lists 7 languages and 2 dialects
for the Dagestanian people; Arutiunov comments that there are 29 languages for
the Dagestan people.[
back]
59The Chechen people speak the Chechen
language and live in Chechenia. These people continue to seek their independence
and have proven to be a serious embarassment for Boris Yeltzen and the
Commonwealth of Independent States. Recent publications on the Chechens
are:
1995."Chechnya" by the United States Central
Intelligence Agency; published in Washington, DC:
CIA.
1995."Usloviia soderzhaniia zaderzhannykh v zone
vooruzhennogo konflikta v Chechenskoi Respublike; Obrashchenie s zaderzhannymi:
Doklad Nabliudatel'noi missii pravozashchitnykh obshchestvennykh organizatsii v
zone vooruzhennogo konflitka v Chechne" by sostaviteli O. Orlov, A. Cherkasov,
and S. Sirotkin; published in Moskva:
"Memorial".
The Ingush people speak the
Ingush language and live in Ingushetia, Russia.[
back]
60A recent publication on the Caucasian
language is:
1992."Caucasian perspectives" edited by
George Hewitt; published in Munchen: Lincom Europa.[
back]
61A recent article by M.E. Abdushelishvili
is:
1984."Craniotemy of the Caucasus in the Feudal
Period"; in "Current Anthropology"; 25:4 (August-October); pp. 505-509.[
back]
62The following publications on the Balkar
Turkic People, the Karachay Turkic people, and Karachay Cherkessia (Russia)
are:
1974."Adygi, balkantsy i karachaevtsy v
izvestiiakh evropeiskikh avtorov XIII-XIX vv" by V.K. Gardanova; published
Nal'chik: "El'brus"
c1990."Etnokul'turnaia situatsiia v
Karachaevo-Cherkesskoi Avtonomnoi Oblasti" by S.A. Arutiunov, IA.S. Smirnova,
and G.A. Sergeeva; published in Moskva: Institut etnologii i antropologii AN
SSSR.
1993."Karachaevtsy i balkartsy - drevnii narod
kavkaza" by E.P. Alekseeva; published in Moskva: "Briz".[
back]
63On civil rights infractions against
minorities i.e. the Balkar Turkic
people:
1994."Repressirovannye narody: istoriia i
sovremennost': tezisy dokladov i soobshchenii 5-i Vserossiiskoi
nauchno-prakticheskoi konferentsii 6-7 marta 1994 g., posviaschchennoi 50-letiiu
deportatsii balkarskogo naroda" by S.I. Akieva; published in Nal'chik.[
back]
64HOLLIS lists the following Tatar groups
(tribes): Crimean Tatars, Jou Jan Tatar Tribe, Kazan Tatars, Kyzyl Tatars,
Manchus, and Mishar Tatars.[
back]
65Colin Renfrew's
publication:
1987."Archaeology and Language: the puzzle
of Indo-European Origins" published in London: J. Cape.[
back]
66These two Russians are Tamaz
Valerianovich Gamkrelidze and Viacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivanov. The first
publication is in Russian and
entitled:
1984."Indoevropeiskii iazyk i indoevropeitsy:
rekonstruktsiia i istoriko-tipologicheskii analiz praiazyka i protokul'tury" and
is published in Tbilisi: Izd-vo Tbilisskogo
universiteta.
The English version by
Johanna Nichols and edited by Werner Winter is
entitled:
1995."Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans:
reconstruction and historical analysis of a Proto-language and a Proto-culture"
with a preface by Roman Jakobson; published in Berlin; New York: M. De
Gruyter.[
back]
67Carleton Coon's texts on race are
numerous:
1930."The Races of Europe"; published in New
York: The Macmillan Company.
1935."Sources From Which
Linguistic Map of North America Was Compiled" compiled with Frederick Johnson
and Clyde Kluckhohn; published in Cambridge, Mass.: The
Museum.
1936."The Racial Characteristics of Syrians and
Armenians" based upon data collected by W.B. Cline, C.S. Coon, J.M. Andrews, and
W.C. Dupertuis, by Carl C. Seltzer: published in Cambridge, Mass: The
Museum.
1950."The Mountains of Giants: A Racial and
Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountain Ghegs"; published in Cambridge,
Mass: The Museum.
1950."Races: A Study of the Problems
of Race Formation in Man"; with Stanley M. Garn and Joseph B. Birdsell;
published in Springfield, Ill.: C.C. Thomas.
1965."The
Living Races of Man" with Edward E. Hunt, Jr; published in New York:
Knopf.
1971."The Origin of Races"; published in New
York: Knopf.
1982."Racial Adaptations"; published in
Chicago: Nelson-Hall.[
back]
68Frederick Hulse has two relevant
works:
1939."Migration and Environment: A Study of the
Physical Characteristics of the Japanese Immigrants to Hawaii and the Effects of
Environment on their Descendants"; authored by Harry Shapiro with the field
assistance of Frederick Hulse; published in London: Oxford University
Press.
1963."The Human Species; An Introduction to
Physical Anthropology"; published in New York: Random House.[
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